Suchergebnisse

Intro -- Preface to the fourth edition -- Table of statutes -- Table of cases -- Introduction The pre-Gambling Act framework -- Introduction -- Early gambling legislation -- Objectives of earlier legislation -- Early betting and gaming legislation -- The Betting and Gaming Act 1960 -- Gaming machines -- Gaming, gaming machines and the 1960 Act -- Lotteries -- British Gambling Industry -- The betting industry -- Bookmaking industry -- The gaming industry (excluding gaming machines) -- The gaming machine industry -- Lotteries -- The coming of the Gambling Act 2005 -- Attitudes -- Demand -- The technological revolution -- Lotteries -- Chapter 1 Introduction to the Gambling Act 2005 -- The coming of the Gambling Act 2005 -- Interpretation of the new legislation -- The basic structure of the Act -- The licensing objectives -- Definition of the licensing objectives -- Preventing crime and disorder -- Illegal gambling -- Licensing powers -- Review -- Money laundering -- Fraud -- Disorder -- 'Fair and open' gambling -- Protecting children and vulnerable persons -- Operating licences - further provisions -- Remote gambling -- Application -- Requirement of operating licence -- Types of operating licence -- Casino operating licence -- Bingo operating licence -- General betting operating licence -- Pool betting operating licence -- Betting intermediary operating licence -- Gaming machines -- Personal licences -- Appeals in connection with operating licences and personal licences -- Premises licences -- Appeals against decisions of licensing authorities -- Temporary use notices -- Gaming machines -- Category D -- Category C -- Category B -- Category A -- Other use of gaming machines -- Incidental gaming -- Lotteries - the previous position -- Societies lotteries -- Local lotteries -- External lottery managers -- Lotteries under the Gambling Act 2005.

Using data from a survey of municipal clerks in the state of Illinois, this research tests a model of job satisfaction for municipal employees based on previous research by Ellickson and Logsdon. Our hypothesis is that the model will not hold true for this sub-group of municipal employees because municipal clerks are different from other public sector employees. Clerks are different in part because their job duties and responsibilities are set out by statute, there is a great deal of autonomy, and the position is one often held by females. Further, this research examines whether there are differences in perceptions of job satisfaction between elected and appointed clerks, and examines the factors that influence the variation in the overall job satisfaction of municipal clerks.

Abstract. This paper discusses how epistemic uncertainties are currently considered in the most widely occurring natural hazard areas, including floods, landslides and debris flows, dam safety, droughts, earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic ash clouds and pyroclastic flows, and wind storms. Our aim is to provide an overview of the types of epistemic uncertainty in the analysis of these natural hazards and to discuss how they have been treated so far to bring out some commonalities and differences. The breadth of our study makes it difficult to go into great detail on each aspect covered here; hence the focus lies on providing an overview and on citing key literature. We find that in current probabilistic approaches to the problem, uncertainties are all too often treated as if, at some fundamental level, they are aleatory in nature. This can be a tempting choice when knowledge of more complex structures is difficult to determine but not acknowledging the epistemic nature of many sources of uncertainty will compromise any risk analysis. We do not imply that probabilistic uncertainty estimation necessarily ignores the epistemic nature of uncertainties in natural hazards; expert elicitation for example can be set within a probabilistic framework to do just that. However, we suggest that the use of simple aleatory distributional models, common in current practice, will underestimate the potential variability in assessing hazards, consequences, and risks. A commonality across all approaches is that every analysis is necessarily conditional on the assumptions made about the nature of the sources of epistemic uncertainty. It is therefore important to record the assumptions made and to evaluate their impact on the uncertainty estimate. Additional guidelines for good practice based on this review are suggested in the companion paper (Part 2).

13 Pags.- 6 Figs. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder ; While prokaryotic pan-genomes have been shown to contain many more genes than any individual organism, the prevalence and functional significance of differentially present genes in eukaryotes remains poorly understood. Whole-genome de novo assembly and annotation of 54 lines of the grass Brachypodium distachyon yield a pan-genome containing nearly twice the number of genes found in any individual genome. Genes present in all lines are enriched for essential biological functions, while genes present in only some lines are enriched for conditionally beneficial functions (e.g., defense and development), display faster evolutionary rates, lie closer to transposable elements and are less likely to be syntenic with orthologous genes in other grasses. Our data suggest that differentially present genes contribute substantially to phenotypic variation within a eukaryote species, these genes have a major influence in population genetics, and transposable elements play a key role in pan-genome evolution. ; The work conducted by the US DOE Joint Genome Institute is supported by the Office of Science of the US Department of Energy under Contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231. D.P. W. and R.A. were funded in part by the National Science Foundation (grant no. IOS–1258126), and the Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (Department of Energy Biological and Environmental Research Office of Science grant no. DE– FCO2–07ER64494). TEJ and DLDM were supported by NSF PGRP grant IOS-0922457. P.C. and B.C.M. were funded by Spanish MINECO (CGL2012-39953-C02-01 and CGL2016-79790-P). B.C.M. was partially funded by DGA—Obra Social La Caixa (grant number GA-LC-059-2011) and Spanish MINECO (AGL2013-48756-R, CSIC13-4E-2490). PC was partially funded by Spanish Aragon Government-European Social Fund (Bioflora). ; Peer reviewed