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Previous research documents that citizens apply a "coalition heuristic" to infer that governing coalition partners share more similar policies and ideologies than are implied by the statements in their election manifestos. We propose even simpler government-related heuristics citizens can apply to infer party positions on European integration: the current government heuristic that currently governing parties are more pro-Europe than opposition parties, and the long-term opposition heuristic that opposition parties that have never governed are less pro-Europe than opposition parties with previous governing experience. We report theoretical and empirical analyses of survey data from 24 European Union member states, which substantiate that citizens apply these heuristics, which have consequences for citizens' policy beliefs and their party support. We also find evidence that citizens respond to policy as measured through election manifestos and expert surveys.

AbstractMany recent cross‐national studies analyse the causes and electoral consequences of party policy shifts, using party position measures derived from election manifestos, expert surveys or voter surveys. However few studies validate their findings by analysing multiple measures of party policy shifts. In this article, data on European parties' position shifts on both European integration and left‐right ideology is analysed, showing that this is problematic because, while alternative measures of party policy positions correlate strongly in cross‐sectional analyses, alternative measures of parties' policy shifts are essentially uncorrelated in longitudinal analyses. Suggestions are offered on how to address this problem.

Whether preparing us for economic recovery after the zombie apocalypse, analyzing vampire investment strategies, or illuminating the market forces that affect vampire-human romances, Economics of the Undead: Zombies, Vampires, and the Dismal Science gives both seasoned economists and layman readers something to sink their teeth into.