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13 pages, 7 figures, 3 tables ; The estimation of in situ phytoplankton primary production is pivotal to many questions in biological oceanography and marine ecology both in a local and global context. Applications range from earth system modelling, the characterisation of aquatic ecosystem dynamics, or the local management of water quality. A common approach for estimating in situ primary production is to incubate natural phytoplankton assemblages in clear bottles at a range of fixed depths and to measure the uptake of carbon (14C) during the incubation period (typically 24 h). One of the main concerns with using fixed-depth bottle incubations is whether stranding samples at fixed depths biases the measured CO2 fixation relative to the 'true' in situ mixed conditions. Here we employ an individual based turbulence and photosynthesis model, which also accounts for photoacclimation and -inhibition, to examine whether the in vitro productivity estimates obtained from fixed-depth incubations are representative of the in situ productivity in a freely mixing water column. While previous work suggested that in vitro estimates could either over- or underestimate the in situ productivity, we show that the errors due to arresting the incubation bottles at fixed depths are indeed minimal. We present possible explanations for how previous authors could have arrived at contradictory results and discuss whether they might be artefacts related to the particular sampling protocol used. We discuss the errors associated with chlorophyll-based incubation methods for determining in situ phytoplankton growth rates in Ross et al. (2011; Mar Ecol Prog Ser 435:13-31) ; The research leading to these results received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship for Career Development under grant agreement no. 255396 for project AQUALIGHT (www.aqualight. info). R.J.G.'s research on photoacclimation is supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NE/ G003688/ 1). The authors also acknowledge the Spanish funded SUMMER (CTM200803309/MAR) and ANERIS (PIF08-015) projects ; Peer Reviewed

24 pages, 12 figures, 12 tables ; The need for covering large areas in oceanographic measurement campaigns and the general interest in reducing the observational costs open the necessity to develop new strategies towards this objective, fundamental to deal with current and future research projects. In this respect, the development of low-cost instruments becomes a key factor, but optimal signal-processing techniques must be used to balance their measurements with those obtained from accurate but expensive instruments. In this paper, a complete signal-processing chain to process the fluorescence spectra of marine organisms for taxonomic discrimination is proposed. It has been designed to deal with noisy, narrow-band and low-resolution data obtained from low-cost sensors or instruments and to optimize its computational cost, and it consists of four separated blocks that denoise, normalize, transform and classify the samples. For each block, several techniques are tested and compared to find the best combination that optimizes the classification of the samples. The signal processing has been focused on the Chlorophyll-a fluorescence peak, since it presents the highest emission levels and it can be measured with sensors presenting poor sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratios. The whole methodology has been successfully validated by means of the fluorescence spectra emitted by five different cultures. © 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland ; This work was supported by the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) under the project ANERIS (PIF-015-1), by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación under Mestral Project CTM2011-30489-C02-01, and by the European Commission under Citclops Project FP7-ENV-308469. Ismael F. Aymerich is currently funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and the Galician Regional Government under agreement for funding the Atlantic Research Center for Information and Communication Technologies (AtlantTIC) and under the project TACTICA. Sergio Pérez was involved in the SICUE program and funded by the Séneca fellowship, given by the Ministerio de Educación, during the development of this project ; Peer Reviewed

13 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables, supplementary material https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.802235/full#supplementary-material.-- Data Availability Statement: The datasets analyzed for this study can be found in the GBIF (www.gbif.org, accessed in June 2021) through different queries. Details on each query and associated DOIs are included in the article/Supplementary Table 1. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author ; The ongoing contemporary biodiversity crisis may result in much of ocean's biodiversity to be lost or deeply modified without even being known. As the climate and anthropogenic-related impacts on marine systems accelerate, biodiversity knowledge integration is urgently required to evaluate and monitor marine ecosystems and to support suitable responses to underpin a sustainable future. The Census of Marine Life (CoML, 2000–2010) was the largest global research program on marine biodiversity. A decade after, and coinciding with the steep increase of digitalization of our society, we review existing findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability (FAIR) biodiversity data coming from one of the most reliable online information systems: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). We evaluate the completeness of available datasets with respect to the CoML benchmark, along with progresses in understanding spatial–temporal patterns of marine biodiversity in the European Seas in the last decades. Overall, we observe severe biases in available biodiversity data toward the north-western marine regions (particularly around the United Kingdom and the North Sea), the most recent years (with a peak in the number of reported occurrences in the 2010s) and the most conspicuous, abundant, and likely "appealing" taxa (e.g., crustaceans, echinoderms or fish). These biases may hamper research applications, but also global-scale data needs and integrative assessments required to support cost-effective progresses toward global biodiversity conservation. National to international joint efforts aimed at enhancing data acquisition and mobilization from poorly known regions, periods, and taxa are desirable if we aim to address these potential biases for the effective monitoring of marine ecosystems and the evaluation of ongoing impacts on biogeographic patterns and ecosystem functioning and services ; This work has been co-funded by the H2020 MINKE (Metrology for Integrated Marine Management and Knowledge-Transfer Network; grant agreement No. 101008724), the H2020 Cos4Cloud (co-designed citizen observatories for the European Open Science Cloud EOSC – Cos4Cloud; grant agreement No. 863463), and H2020-FutureMares (Climate Change and Future Marine Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity; grant agreement No. 869300), and the Spanish government through the "Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence" accreditation (grant agreement No. CEX2019-000928-S, hereafter SO). FR was supported by SO and VS by a "Juan de la Cierva Incorporación" research fellowship (grant agreement No. IJC2018-035389-I) granted by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation ; Peer reviewed

19 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables ; Reliable estimates of in situ phytoplankton growth rates are central to understanding the dynamics of aquatic ecosystems. A common approach for estimating in situ growth rates is to incubate natural phytoplankton assemblages in clear bottles at fixed depths or irradiance levels and measure the change in chlorophyll a (Chl) over the incubation period (typically 24 h). Using a modelling approach, we investigate the accuracy of these Chl-based methods focussing on 2 aspects: (1) in a freely mixing surface layer, the cells are typically not in balanced growth, and with photoacclimation, changes in Chl may yield different growth rates than changes in carbon; and (2) the in vitro methods neglect any vertical movement due to turbulence and its effect on the cells' light history. The growth rates thus strongly depend on the incubation depth and are not necessarily representative of the depth-integrated in situ growth rate in the freely mixing surface layer. We employ an individual based turbulence and photosynthesis model, which also accounts for photoacclimation and photoinhibition, to show that the in vitro Chl-based growth rate can differ both from its carbon-based in vitro equivalent and from the in situ value by up to 100%, depending on turbulence intensity, optical depth of the mixing layer, and incubation depth within the layer. We make recommendations for choosing the best depth for single-depth incubations. Furthermore we demonstrate that, if incubation bottles are being oscillated up and down through the water column, these systematic errors can be significantly reduced. In the present study, we focus on Chl-based methods only, while productivity measurements using carbon-based techniques (e.g. 14C) are discussed in Ross et al. ; This study received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme(FP7/2007–2013) Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship for Career Development under grant agreement no. 255396 for project AQUALIGHT (www. aqualight. info). R.J.G.'s research on photoacclimation is supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NE/ G003688/ 1). M.L.A. benefited from a FPU doctoral scholarship from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN). the authors also acknowledge financial support from the Spanish funded projects SUMMER (CTM2008-03309/MAR), ANERIS (PIF08-015), and ECOALFACS (CTM2009-09581; a project endorsed by the 'Harmful Algal Blooms in Stratified Systems' CRP of the GEOHAB programme). ; Peer reviewed

Este artículo contiene 19 páginas, 6 figuras, 1 tabla. ; Thermal variables are crucial drivers of biological processes in lakes and ponds. In the current context of climate change, determining which factors better constrain their variation within lake districts become of paramount importance for understanding species distribution and their conservation. In this study, we describe the regional and short-term interannual variability in surface water temperature of high mountain lakes and ponds of the Pyrenees. And, we use mixed regression models to identify key environmental factors and to infer mean and maximum summer temperature, accumulated degree-days, diel temperature ranges and three-days' oscillation. The study is based on 59 lake-temperature series measured from 2001 to 2014. We found that altitude was the primary explicative factor for accumulated degree-days and mean and maximum temperature. In contrast, lake area showed the most relevant effect on the diel temperature range and temperature oscillations, although diel temperature range was also found to decline with altitude. Furthermore, the morphology of the catchment significantly affected accumulated degree-days and maximum and mean water temperatures. The statistical models developed here were applied to upscale spatially the current thermic conditions across the whole set of lakes and ponds of the Pyrenees. ; The authors want to aknowledge the Secretaria d'Universitats i Recerca del Departament d'Economia i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya and the European Social Fund for the doctoral scholarship FI (2015FI_B_01147) given to the first author, that has allowed this work. The projects provided by the Spanish Government projects; Fundalzoo (CGL2010-14841) and Invasivefish (427/2011) and by the European Commission LIFE+ project LimnoPirineus (LIFE13 NAT/ES/001210), and also the last project of the Spanish Government, FUNBIO (RTI2018-096217- B-I00) supported this research. ; Peer reviewed

14 pages, 2 figures ; Citizen Science (CS) is a prominent field of application for Open Science (OS), and the two have strong synergies, such as: advocating for the data and metadata generated through science to be made publicly available [1]; supporting more equitable collaboration between different types of scientists and citizens; and facilitating knowledge transfer to a wider range of audiences [2]. While primarily targeted at CS, the EU-Citizen. Science platform can also support OS. One of its key functions is to act as a knowledge hub to aggregate, disseminate and promote experience and know-how; for example, by profiling CS projects and collecting tools, resources and training materials relevant to both fields. To do this, the platform has developed an information architecture that incorporates the public participation in scientific research (PPSR)—Common Conceptual Model①. This model consists of the Project Metadata Model, the Dataset Metadata Model and the Observation Data Model, which were specifically developed for CS initiatives. By implementing these, the platform will strengthen the interoperating arrangements that exist between other, similar platforms (e.g., BioCollect and SciStarter) to ensure that CS and OS continue to grow globally in terms of participants, impact and fields of application ; The EU-Citizen.Science project received funding from the EU's Horizon 2020 Framework Program for Research and Innovation under grant agreement No. 824580. The research described in this paper is partly supported by the project "Citizen Science to promote creativity, scientific literacy, and innovation throughout Europe" (COST Action), which received funding from the EU's Horizon 2020 Framework Program for Research and Innovation under grant agreement No. 15212 ; With funding from the Spanish government through the 'Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence' accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S) ; Peer reviewed

Special Issue Citizen Science Projects for Environmental Challenges and Sustainable Development Goals.-- 17 pages, 2 pages, 1 figure.-- Data Availability Statement: Not applicable ; There is a growing acknowledgement that citizen observatories, and other forms of citizen-generated data, have a significant role in tracking progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. This is evident in the increasing number of Sustainable Development Goals' indicators for which such data are already being used and in the high-level recognition of the potential role that citizen science can play. In this article, we argue that networks of citizen observatories will help realise this potential. Drawing on the Cos4Cloud project as an example, we highlight how such networks can make citizen-generated data more interoperable and accessible (among other qualities), increasing their impact and usefulness. Furthermore, we highlight other, perhaps overlooked, advantages of citizen observatories and citizen-generated data: educating and informing citizen scientists about the Sustainable Development Goals and co-creating solutions to the global challenges they address ; The research described in this paper was funded by the European Commission via the Cos4Cloud and MICS projects, which have received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreements 863463 and 824711. ICM-CSIC authors acknowledge the institutional support of the "Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence" accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S) ; Peer reviewed

Interest in the formal representation of citizen science comes from portals, platforms, and catalogues of citizen science projects; scientists using citizen science data for their research; and funding agencies and governments interested in the impact of citizen science initiatives. Having a common understanding and representation of citizen science projects, their participants, and their outcomes is key to enabling seamless knowledge and data sharing. In this chapter, we provide a conceptual model comprised of the core citizen science concepts with which projects and data can be described in a standardised manner, focusing on the description of the participants and their activities. The conceptual model is the outcome of a working group from the COST Action CA15212 Citizen Science to Promote Creativity, Scientific Literacy, and Innovation throughout Europe, established to improve data standardisation and interoperability in citizen science activities. It utilises past models and contributes to current standardisation efforts, such as the Public Participation in Scientific Research (PPSR) Common Conceptual Model and the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standards. Its design is intended to fulfil the needs of different stakeholders, as illustrated by several case studies which demonstrate the model's applicability.

24 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables ; Interest in the formal representation of citizen science comes from portals, platforms, and catalogues of citizen science projects; scientists using citizen science data for their research; and funding agencies and governments interested in the impact of citizen science initiatives. Having a common understanding and representation of citizen science projects, their participants, and their outcomes is key to enabling seamless knowledge and data sharing. In this chapter, we provide a conceptual model comprised of the core citizen science concepts with which projects and data can be described in a standardised manner, focusing on the description of the participants and their activities. The conceptual model is the outcome of a working group from the COST Action CA15212 Citizen Science to Promote Creativity, Scientific Literacy, and Innovation throughout Europe, established to improve data standardisation and interoperability in citizen science activities. It utilises past models and contributes to current standardisation efforts, such as the Public Participation in Scientific Research (PPSR) Common Conceptual Model and the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standards. Its design is intended to fulfil the needs of different stakeholders, as illustrated by several case studies which demonstrate the model's applicability ; Peer reviewed

19 pages, 5 figures, 3 tables ; Marine processes are observed with sensors from both the ground and space over large spatio-temporal scales. Citizen-based contributions can fill observational gaps and increase environmental stewardship amongst the public. For this purpose, tools and methods for citizen science need to (1) complement existing datasets; and (2) be affordable, while appealing to different user and developer groups. In this article, tools and methods developed in the 7th Framework Programme of European Union (EU FP 7) funded project Citclops (citizens' observatories for coast and ocean optical monitoring) are reviewed. Tools range from a stand-alone smartphone app to devices with Arduino and 3-D printing, and hence are attractive to a diversity of users; from the general public to more specified maker- and open labware movements. Standardization to common water quality parameters and methods allows long-term storage in regular marine data repositories, such as SeaDataNet and EMODnet, thereby providing open data access. Due to the given intercomparability to existing remote sensing datasets, these tools are ready to complement the marine datapool. In the future, such combined satellite and citizen observations may set measurements by the engaged public in a larger context and hence increase their individual meaning. In a wider sense, a synoptic use can support research, management authorities, and societies at large ; The Citclops project received funding by the EC-FP7 Programme, grant agreement No. 308469. We acknowledge support by the CSIC Open Access Publication Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI). ; Peer Reviewed ; Publisher's version

41 pages, 28 figures, 1 table, supporting information https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230084.s001.-- Through the interface at [http://www.citclops.eu/search/welcome.php] users are able to easily download all data. All data are also available from the dataset with DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3497440 ; The European-Commission—funded project 'Citclops' (Citizens' observatory for coast and ocean optical monitoring) developed methods, tools and sensors, which can be used by citizens to monitor natural waters, with a strong focus on long-term data series related to environmental sciences. The new sensors, based on optical technologies, respond to a number of scientific, technical and societal objectives, ranging from more precise monitoring of key environmental descriptors of the aquatic environment (water colour, transparency and fluorescence) to an improved management of data collected with citizen participation. The sensors were tested, calibrated, integrated on several platforms, scientifically validated and demonstrated in the field. The new methods and tools were tested in a citizen-science context. The general conclusion is that citizens are valuable contributors in quality and quantity to the objective of collecting, integrating and analysing fragmented and diverse environmental data. An integration of these data into data-analysis tools has a large potential to support authoritative monitoring and decision-making. In this paper, the project's objectives, results, technical achievements and lessons learned are presented ; More specifically, all authors (LC, JP, MRW, OZ, JAB, HVDW, RB, AF, SN, PT, FV, MB, KD) received funding from the European Union's FP7 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 308469 'Citclops'. LC received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreements No 824711 'MICS' and No 824580 'EU-Citizen.Science'

Special issue Technological Oceanography.-- 16 pages, 12 figures, 3 tables.-- Data supporting reported results can be found at https://paticientific.org/index.php/dades/ (accessed on 13 April 2022) and through https://zenodo.org/search (accessed on 13 April 2022) by searching "pati cientific". ; Shelf waters near large cities, such as Barcelona, are affected not only by meteorological episodes but also by anthropogenic influence. Scientists usually use data from on-site coastal platforms to analyze and understand these complex water ecosystems because remote sensing satellites have low spatiotemporal resolution and do not provide reliable data so close to the coast. However, platforms with conventional oceanographic instrumentation are expensive to install and maintain. This study presents the scientific adaptation and initial measurements from a "patí a vela", which is a very popular unipersonal catamaran in Barcelona. This versatile sailing vessel has been adapted to contain several low-cost sensors and instruments to measure water properties. Here, we describe the setup of a multi-parameter prototype, and then focus on results obtained using a low-cost temperature profiler. First, the temperature data are compared and validated with another conventional oceanographic instrument used in monthly oceanographic cruises. Then, field measurements between July and November 2021 are used to explore the relationship between air and water temperature in the Barcelona coastal area, showing the seasonal evolution of the temperature profile. We conclude that citizen sampling from fully sustainable sailing boats may turn into an effective strategy to monitor the urban coastal waters ; This work has been carried out within the framework of the 2019 Barcelona Pla de Ciència, with funding from the Barcelona City Council through the project "Development of a citizen monitoring program for the Barcelona coastal waters: the Scientific Patí Vela" (PATI CIENTIFIC; references 19SO1645-006, 19SO1649-006, 19SO1651-006). [.] The ICM authors also recognize the institutional support of the Spanish Government through the Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S) ; Peer reviewed

ICTs, personal data, digital rights, the GDPR, data privacy, online security… these terms, and the concepts behind them, are increasingly common in our lives. Some of us may be familiar with them, but others are less aware of the growing role of ICTs and data in our lives - and the potential risks this creates. These risks are even more pronounced for vulnerable groups in society. People can be vulnerable in different, often overlapping, ways, which place them at a disadvantage to the majority of citizens; Table 3 in this guide presents some of the many forms and causes of vulnerability. As a result, vulnerable people need greater support to navigate the digital world, and to ensure that they are able to exercise their rights. This guide explains where such support can be found, and also answers the following questions: What are the main ethical and legal issues around ICTs for vulnerable citizens? Who is vulnerable in Europe? How do issues around ICTs affect vulnerable people in particular? This guide is a resource for members of vulnerable groups, people who work with vulnerable groups, and citizens more broadly. It is also useful for data controllers who collect data about vulnerable citizens. While focused on citizens in Europe, it may be of interest to people in other parts of the world. It forms part of the Citizens' Information Pack produced by the PANELFIT project, and is available in English, French, German, Italian and Spanish.