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THE TRADITIONAL CONCLUSION THAT MEN AND WOMEN BEHAVE DIFFERENTLY IN THAT WOMEN PARTICIPATS LESS FREQUENTLY IS EXAMINED. IT FOCUSES ON A COMPARISON OF BLACK MEN AND BLACK WOMEN IN NEW ORLEANS BECAUSE OF THE CONTENTION THAT UNIQUE MALE/FEMALE ROLES EXIST IN THE MERICAN BLACK SUBCULTURE. NO OVERALL DIFFERENCES IN THE PARTICIPATION OF BLACK MEN AND WOMEN IN ELECTORAL OR PROTEST POLITICS WERE EVIDENT.

Abstract
This essay explores the commemorative stance of Tadeusz Zygfryd Kassern's opera The Anointed (1951) toward the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and situates the work within an early and volatile period of cultural responses to the Holocaust in Poland and the United States. Through a close examination of the opera's literary sources and musical setting, as well as the archival materials related to its creation, the essay shows how the opera treats Polish Romantic messianism as a symbolic language with which to grapple with Jewish resistance to the Holocaust, even as similar messianic tropes were being used to consolidate Polish ethnonationalist memory of  World War II.

In 1993, the health department serving the city of Amarillo, Texas, and surrounding communities was merged with the city's tax-supported Hospital District, which operated a public hospital and clinics providing medical care to poor people. Three years later, the public hospital and clinics were sold to a for-profit corporation, privatizing most medical services for the poor. The proceeds from this sale created a community trust fund for the provision of indigent care and eliminated Hospital District taxes. The city government reassumed operation of the Health Department, which redefined itself primarily in terms of public health functions not involving the provision of personal health services. These functions included communicable disease control, monitoring the health status of the community, identification of public health problems, and health promotion. The new Health Department, with a smaller budget and fewer staff members, is now funded by the for-profit corporation that purchased the public hospital, the community trust fund, and grants from the state health department.

Background: The decade long California Tobacco Control Program is unique to the nation in its duration, emphasis, and level of funding. Programme emphasis is on changing social norms about smoking as a means to discourage smoking and thus reduce the harmful health effects of tobacco to the population. Methods: Data from the 1992 - 93, 1995 - 96, and 1998 - 99 Tobacco Use Supplements to the national Current Population Survey (n> 175 000 each period) were used to examine changes in norms regarding where smoking should "not be allowed at all'' in both California and in the rest of the USA. Venues queried were restaurants, hospitals, work areas, bars, indoor sports venues, and indoor shopping malls. Results: There were substantial increases in the percentages of the adult population (18+ years) stating that smoking should not be allowed in the venues queried in California by 1998 - 99 compared to 1992 - 93; only modest increases were observed in the rest of the USA. In fact, for most venues, the percentages for the rest of the USA were lower in 1998 - 99 than in California in 1992 - 93. Further, the percentage increase over this period in respondents stating that smoking should not be allowed in four or more of the six venues was 30% in California and 23% in the rest of the USA. The most dramatic percentage increase in California occurred among current smokers (93%). Conclusions: A strong, comprehensive tobacco control programme such as California's can influence population norms, including those of smokers, with respect to where smoking should not be allowed.