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International audience ; The Nazi Temptation of the Unemployed in Weimar Germany: a False Historical Hypothesis orObviousness ?Emmanuel PierruThis article reviews the main historical researches which emphazise on the issue of the political effectsof mass unemployment in Weimar Germany. The complexity and the tangle of those effects (direct,indirect, contextual) lead to question the common representation of the supposed decisive impact ofunemployment in the Nazi dynamics. Electorally speaking, and considering that sociologicalinvestigation is confronted to severe statistical difficulties and to the risk of ecological fallacy, thehypothesis of a direct effect of unemployment on the Nazi Party electoral scores has to be refuted,meanwhile a "transfer effect" seems plausible. In this period, the forms of radicalization were closelyconnected with the structuration of political supply. The paramilitarization of the Weimar society and ofthe main political parties (Nazi Party and, above all, Communist Party) accounts for the enlistment ofsome unemployed in their ranks. ; Cet article propose un bilan critique des travaux historiographiques sur la question des effets politiquesdu chômage dans l'Allemagne de Weimar. Il montre que la complexité et l'enchevêtrement de ceseffets (directs, indirects, contextuels) appellent à nuancer très sérieusement la représentationcommune qui voit dans le chômage et les chômeurs un puissant levier de la dynamique nazie. D'unpoint de vue électoral, et par-delà les redoutables difficultés de méthodologie statistique ainsi que lesrisques d'erreurs écologiques liées à l'interprétation de données agrégées, les recherches ont montréqu'il faut réfuter l'hypothèse d'un effet direct du chômage sur les résultats électoraux du NSDAP (àl'inverse de ce qu'on constate pour le Parti communiste allemand - KPD). Cependant, un possible effetde transfert n'est pas à exclure. Les formes de « radicalisation » observables sur cette périodeapparaissent davantage liées à la structuration de l'offre politique et à ...

International audience ; The Nazi Temptation of the Unemployed in Weimar Germany: a False Historical Hypothesis orObviousness ?Emmanuel PierruThis article reviews the main historical researches which emphazise on the issue of the political effectsof mass unemployment in Weimar Germany. The complexity and the tangle of those effects (direct,indirect, contextual) lead to question the common representation of the supposed decisive impact ofunemployment in the Nazi dynamics. Electorally speaking, and considering that sociologicalinvestigation is confronted to severe statistical difficulties and to the risk of ecological fallacy, thehypothesis of a direct effect of unemployment on the Nazi Party electoral scores has to be refuted,meanwhile a "transfer effect" seems plausible. In this period, the forms of radicalization were closelyconnected with the structuration of political supply. The paramilitarization of the Weimar society and ofthe main political parties (Nazi Party and, above all, Communist Party) accounts for the enlistment ofsome unemployed in their ranks. ; Cet article propose un bilan critique des travaux historiographiques sur la question des effets politiquesdu chômage dans l'Allemagne de Weimar. Il montre que la complexité et l'enchevêtrement de ceseffets (directs, indirects, contextuels) appellent à nuancer très sérieusement la représentationcommune qui voit dans le chômage et les chômeurs un puissant levier de la dynamique nazie. D'unpoint de vue électoral, et par-delà les redoutables difficultés de méthodologie statistique ainsi que lesrisques d'erreurs écologiques liées à l'interprétation de données agrégées, les recherches ont montréqu'il faut réfuter l'hypothèse d'un effet direct du chômage sur les résultats électoraux du NSDAP (àl'inverse de ce qu'on constate pour le Parti communiste allemand - KPD). Cependant, un possible effetde transfert n'est pas à exclure. Les formes de « radicalisation » observables sur cette périodeapparaissent davantage liées à la structuration de l'offre politique et à ...

The Nazi Temptation of the Unemployed in Weimar Germany: a False Historical Hypothesis or Obviousness ?
Emmanuel Pierru
This article reviews the main historical researches which emphazise on the issue of the political effects of mass unemployment in Weimar Germany. The complexity and the tangle of those effects (direct, indirect, contextual) lead to question the common representation of the supposed decisive impact of unemployment in the Nazi dynamics. Electorally speaking, and considering that sociological investigation is confronted to severe statistical difficulties and to the risk of ecological fallacy, the hypothesis of a direct effect of unemployment on the Nazi Party electoral scores has to be refuted, meanwhile a "transfer effect" seems plausible. In this period, the forms of radicalization were closely connected with the structuration of political supply. The paramilitarization of the Weimar society and of the main political parties (Nazi Party and, above all, Communist Party) accounts for the enlistment of some unemployed in their ranks.

Résumé En France, la nomenclature des catégories socioprofessionnelles a longtemps occupé une place centrale dans la représentation du monde véhiculée par l'Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (Insee). À partir d'une étude exhaustive de deux publications statistiques ( Insee Première et Données sociales ), les auteurs montrent que l'usage de la catégorie sociale se raréfie depuis quelques années au profit de deux autres variables, le diplôme et le revenu. Une telle évolution s'explique par la montée en puissance des modèles économétriques, mais aussi par la transformation des conditions de recrutement et de formation des statisticiens. Dans un pays où la statistique publique constitue une référence incontournable, une nouvelle représentation du monde « social blind » tend ainsi à s'imposer.

In France, the nomenclature of the social & occupational groups occupied for a long time a central place in the representation of the world conveyed by the National Institute of Statistics & Economic Studies. From an exhaustive study of two French statistical publications, the authors show that the uses of the social category decline for some years for the benefit of two other variables, the diploma & the income. Such an evolution is due to the rise of econometric models but also by the transformation of the conditions of recruitment & training of statisticians. In a country where the public statistics constitute an obvious reference, a social blind representation of the world tends to lead. Graphs. Adapted from the source document.

International audience ; First worldwide public TV network in French, TV5 provides a lot of news contents, but appears to be a "non market driven" channel, while other broadcast and cable television news face intense economic pressures and competition spawned by the increased number of outlets. The present analysis attemps to provide insights into several issues : how do TV5 journalists shape "international news" ? What differences can be made between these news television professionals' work, values, standards and editorial contents compared to those of their counterparts of the European news-only television Euronews ? What are the effects of their privileged professional status, freed of traditional financial and business pressures, advertising concerns or political constraints to which their colleagues are overwhelmingly confrontated ? What role plays the specific perception of their audiences on the positive view they design upon their profession, on the newsroom habits, on the professional practices, and on the news coverage and content decisions ? The argument of the authors is based upon interviews with TV5 journalists, working at all levels of the organization hierarchy (managers, news directors, working journalists and editors), on observation of the work in the newsroom and of the news products, and on a survey of various internal documents, conducted from October 2002 to March 2003. ; Première chaîne publique généraliste, multilatérale et mondiale de langue française, faisant la part belle à l'information, TV5 apparaît dégagée de la plupart des logiques économiques qui structurent très fortement un champ journalistique audiovisuel de plus en plus concurrentiel. La présente étude vise à articuler plusieurs questionnements : selon quelles logiques les journalistes de TV5 produisent-ils une « information internationale » ? Qu'est-ce qui, au-delà des ressemblances, les distingue nettement de leurs confrères d'une autre chaîne internationale, spécialisée dans l'information en continu, Euronews ? Dans ...

International audience ; First worldwide public TV network in French, TV5 provides a lot of news contents, but appears to be a "non market driven" channel, while other broadcast and cable television news face intense economic pressures and competition spawned by the increased number of outlets. The present analysis attemps to provide insights into several issues : how do TV5 journalists shape "international news" ? What differences can be made between these news television professionals' work, values, standards and editorial contents compared to those of their counterparts of the European news-only television Euronews ? What are the effects of their privileged professional status, freed of traditional financial and business pressures, advertising concerns or political constraints to which their colleagues are overwhelmingly confrontated ? What role plays the specific perception of their audiences on the positive view they design upon their profession, on the newsroom habits, on the professional practices, and on the news coverage and content decisions ? The argument of the authors is based upon interviews with TV5 journalists, working at all levels of the organization hierarchy (managers, news directors, working journalists and editors), on observation of the work in the newsroom and of the news products, and on a survey of various internal documents, conducted from October 2002 to March 2003. ; Première chaîne publique généraliste, multilatérale et mondiale de langue française, faisant la part belle à l'information, TV5 apparaît dégagée de la plupart des logiques économiques qui structurent très fortement un champ journalistique audiovisuel de plus en plus concurrentiel. La présente étude vise à articuler plusieurs questionnements : selon quelles logiques les journalistes de TV5 produisent-ils une « information internationale » ? Qu'est-ce qui, au-delà des ressemblances, les distingue nettement de leurs confrères d'une autre chaîne internationale, spécialisée dans l'information en continu, Euronews ? Dans ...

International audience ; First worldwide public TV network in French, TV5 provides a lot of news contents, but appears to be a "non market driven" channel, while other broadcast and cable television news face intense economic pressures and competition spawned by the increased number of outlets. The present analysis attemps to provide insights into several issues : how do TV5 journalists shape "international news" ? What differences can be made between these news television professionals' work, values, standards and editorial contents compared to those of their counterparts of the European news-only television Euronews ? What are the effects of their privileged professional status, freed of traditional financial and business pressures, advertising concerns or political constraints to which their colleagues are overwhelmingly confrontated ? What role plays the specific perception of their audiences on the positive view they design upon their profession, on the newsroom habits, on the professional practices, and on the news coverage and content decisions ? The argument of the authors is based upon interviews with TV5 journalists, working at all levels of the organization hierarchy (managers, news directors, working journalists and editors), on observation of the work in the newsroom and of the news products, and on a survey of various internal documents, conducted from October 2002 to March 2003. ; Première chaîne publique généraliste, multilatérale et mondiale de langue française, faisant la part belle à l'information, TV5 apparaît dégagée de la plupart des logiques économiques qui structurent très fortement un champ journalistique audiovisuel de plus en plus concurrentiel. La présente étude vise à articuler plusieurs questionnements : selon quelles logiques les journalistes de TV5 produisent-ils une « information internationale » ? Qu'est-ce qui, au-delà des ressemblances, les distingue nettement de leurs confrères d'une autre chaîne internationale, spécialisée dans l'information en continu, Euronews ? Dans ...

International audience ; First worldwide public TV network in French, TV5 provides a lot of news contents, but appears to be a "non market driven" channel, while other broadcast and cable television news face intense economic pressures and competition spawned by the increased number of outlets. The present analysis attemps to provide insights into several issues : how do TV5 journalists shape "international news" ? What differences can be made between these news television professionals' work, values, standards and editorial contents compared to those of their counterparts of the European news-only television Euronews ? What are the effects of their privileged professional status, freed of traditional financial and business pressures, advertising concerns or political constraints to which their colleagues are overwhelmingly confrontated ? What role plays the specific perception of their audiences on the positive view they design upon their profession, on the newsroom habits, on the professional practices, and on the news coverage and content decisions ? The argument of the authors is based upon interviews with TV5 journalists, working at all levels of the organization hierarchy (managers, news directors, working journalists and editors), on observation of the work in the newsroom and of the news products, and on a survey of various internal documents, conducted from October 2002 to March 2003. ; Première chaîne publique généraliste, multilatérale et mondiale de langue française, faisant la part belle à l'information, TV5 apparaît dégagée de la plupart des logiques économiques qui structurent très fortement un champ journalistique audiovisuel de plus en plus concurrentiel. La présente étude vise à articuler plusieurs questionnements : selon quelles logiques les journalistes de TV5 produisent-ils une « information internationale » ? Qu'est-ce qui, au-delà des ressemblances, les distingue nettement de leurs confrères d'une autre chaîne internationale, spécialisée dans l'information en continu, Euronews ? Dans ...

International audience ; First worldwide public TV network in French, TV5 provides a lot of news contents, but appears to be a "non market driven" channel, while other broadcast and cable television news face intense economic pressures and competition spawned by the increased number of outlets. The present analysis attemps to provide insights into several issues : how do TV5 journalists shape "international news" ? What differences can be made between these news television professionals' work, values, standards and editorial contents compared to those of their counterparts of the European news-only television Euronews ? What are the effects of their privileged professional status, freed of traditional financial and business pressures, advertising concerns or political constraints to which their colleagues are overwhelmingly confrontated ? What role plays the specific perception of their audiences on the positive view they design upon their profession, on the newsroom habits, on the professional practices, and on the news coverage and content decisions ? The argument of the authors is based upon interviews with TV5 journalists, working at all levels of the organization hierarchy (managers, news directors, working journalists and editors), on observation of the work in the newsroom and of the news products, and on a survey of various internal documents, conducted from October 2002 to March 2003. ; Première chaîne publique généraliste, multilatérale et mondiale de langue française, faisant la part belle à l'information, TV5 apparaît dégagée de la plupart des logiques économiques qui structurent très fortement un champ journalistique audiovisuel de plus en plus concurrentiel. La présente étude vise à articuler plusieurs questionnements : selon quelles logiques les journalistes de TV5 produisent-ils une « information internationale » ? Qu'est-ce qui, au-delà des ressemblances, les distingue nettement de leurs confrères d'une autre chaîne internationale, spécialisée dans l'information en continu, Euronews ? Dans ...