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"The Limits of Criminological Positivism: The Movement for Criminal Law Reform in the West, 1870-1940 presents the first major study of the limits of criminological positivism in the West and establishes the subject as a field of interest.The volume will explore those limits and bring to life the resulting doctrinal, procedural and institutional compromises of the early 20th-century that might be said to have defined modern criminal justice administration.Written in a straight-forward and direct manner, this volume will be of great interest to academics and students researching historical criminology, philosophy, political science and legal history"--

A comparative approach to the history of criminology and penology between 1870s and 1930s, charting the history of the influence of criminological ideas on criminal law systems and sentencing methods and providing an interpretation of the divide between American and European penologies.

A comparative approach to the history of criminology and penology between 1870s and 1930s, charting the history of the influence of criminological ideas on criminal law systems and sentencing methods and providing an interpretation of the divide between American and European penologies

Diffuse optics studies the propagation of light in highly scattering media (e.g. biological tissues). Time-resolved techniques – which measure the time-of-flight distribution of photons in the medium – permit to separate the contribution of absorption (linked to chemical composition) from scattering (produced by microstructure). Furthermore, for increasing photon time-of-flight, larger tissue depths are reached. These two properties, combined with the intrinsic non-invasiveness of the technique, are very interesting for clinical applications, such as diagnosis of breast cancer, imaging of brain activity, monitoring the functional and metabolic state of biological tissues in depth. The technology has undergone impressive growth, moving from laboratory laser systems to miniature wearable devices. To grant the reliability of the information obtained in vivo, international collaboration is needed to set objective validation protocols, in view of a growing diffusion of the method, from clinical diagnostics to home care.

Le riflessioni di Roberto Cornelli sulla paura della criminalità, le cause sociologiche e culturali che la generano ed alimentano, l'utilizzo politico che ne viene fatto, il rapporto tra il sentimento individuale e collettivo e le scelte legislative o di politica criminale, offrono utili chiavi di lettura allo storico del diritto per avviare un dialogo diacronico interdisciplinare. In questo contributo cercherò, in particolare, di rileggere alcune esperienze storiche in tema di ius migrandi e criminalizzazione degli immigrati alla luce di interpretazioni orientate dalla logica della paura. Cornelli individua nella letteratura sulla paura della criminalità quattro tesi esplicative che rinviano, rispettivamente, al «legame tra paura, rischio e politiche» ed al fatto che queste ultime «sono solitamente innescate non tanto dal potenziale di pericolo contenuto in un certo evento, quanto dal coagularsi di insicurezze di vario tipo attorno a quel fenomeno che, a seconda dei periodi, presenta le caratteristiche più idonee ad attrarre l'attenzione pubblica»; al senso di declino della civiltà o di scontro di civiltà generato dal confronto con nuovi 'barbari' che genera nella collettività forti incertezze e paure per il futuro; ad inquietudini collettive «riformulate in una domanda di sicurezza capace di espandersi ad ogni aspetto della vita sociale»; ed, infine, alle ricadute negative di tali paure sulla tenuta del siste- ma democratico con una conseguente «restrizione dei diritti, sia generale che selettiva per alcune categorie di persone».

The interest of the scientific community for nanotechnologies and nanomaterials was born in 1959, on the occasion of the annual meeting of the American Physical Society, when a new approach began with which to consider and manipulate matter on a micro- and nano-metric scale. The subsequent increase in the use of nanomaterials in scientific research is due to their peculiar characteristics: increased surface / volume ratio, new optical and physical properties, high active surface, increased or modified material transport, increased selectivity. All these features make nanomaterials extremely suitable for a wide range of applications, from energy, to catalysis and sensors. In recent decades, apart from the application of nanomaterials characterized by a single component, the use of "hybrid" nanomaterials, composed of two or more components in "intimate" contact, is also rapidly growing. This is connected to the fact that, since in a hybrid material the establishment of synergistic properties is confined to the contact region between the different components, in nanomaterials, given the small size, these effects can become a dominant factor of the entire structure. The result is precisely the establishment of new and unexpected properties (often desired and interesting) which are not the simple sum of the ownership of individual contributions. Given all this, hybrid materials are excellent candidates for applications in the most varied fields, including electroanalysis, which can greatly benefit from these systems. In this context, this work aims to present the construction of devices based on hybrid metal-semiconductor nanomaterials (based on silver or gold nanoparticles and titanium dioxide). In these systems, the presence of metal nanoparticles is exploited for the electroanalytical determination of analytes of medical / diagnostic or environmental interest, while the presence of TiO2 is essential for overcoming the problems of fouling and passivation of the electrode surface following the determination of the molecule under examination. . The possibility of renewing the electrode surface simply by irradiating the device with ultraviolet light, allows you to use the devices remotely for a long time, without their continuous recovery. In the case of the Ag-TiO2 system, an "intimate contact" interphase between the silver nanoparticles and titanium dioxide was also found, which makes the hybrid a real new material, with different characteristics and with interesting applications compared to its precursors.