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Reading grammatically : reading, representation and the limits of language -- Universality as conjunctive solution : ethics 'and' international relations -- Divine universality : Morgenthau, alchemy and the national interest -- Ideal universality : Beitz, reason and the ghost of Houdini -- Binary universality : Walzer, thinning the thick and fattening up the thin -- In defence of universality : (im)possible universalism.

The centrality of the national interest to Morgenthau's political realism is well known yet often lamented for its lack of clarity. This article offers a grammatical reading in order to highlight the Platonic and Aristotelian roots of the metaphysical assumptions that inform the national interest in Morgenthau's work and to show that, despite his continuous injunctions against the dangers of utopianism, he fails to escape them himself. Ultimately, his attempts to insulate us against the possibility of totalitarianism leads us back into its violent embrace via a 'mysticism' that defines a role for the nation-state as the embodiment of eternal moral truths and values.

A review essay on books by (1) Tony Evans (Ed), Human Rights Fifty Years On: A Reappraisal (Manchester: Manchester U Press, 1998); (2) Robin Holt, Wittgenstein, Politics and Human Rights (London: LSE/Routledge, 1997); & (3) Peter Van Ness (Ed), Debating Human Rights: Critical Essays from the United States and Asia (London: Routledge, 1999) explores the questions produced regarding the linkage or lack thereof between theory & practice in international relations, especially in the case of studies of universal human rights in world politics, by presenting an alternative interpretation of universalism as (im)possible. How these questions & their supposed solutions are all predicated upon & caused by accepting a strict separation of theory & practice is shown. Further, reading universality as a (im)possible dynamic offers a framework within which the understanding of universalism as differentiated can be refined. Therefore, this will allow the distinction between philosophical universalism & global universalism. In addition, it is argued that the separation of theory & practice cannot be sustained, & the human price of excluding the political from universal human rights leaves us with an impoverished notion of humanity. 10 References. E. Sanchez

Argues that Ludwig Wittgenstein's (eg, 1953) notion of the autonomy of grammar opens up critical space for thinking about world politics. The claim that philosophy should be a "grammatical investigation" involves considering how particular pictures, as representations of reality, captivate people. Although the deep disquietudes expressed in world politics may have similarities with the depth of a grammatical joke, examined here a few reasons why we aren't laughing. 23 References. Adapted from the source document.

For International Relations scholars, discussions of globalization inevitably turn to questions of sovereignty. How much control does a country have over its borders, people and economy? Where does that authority come from? Sovereign Lives explores these changes through reading of humanitarian intervention, human rights discourses, securitization, refugees, the fragmentation of identities and the practices of development