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Since the 1950s, interpreters of John Locke have debated whether his ideas about political economy figured among the intellectual sources of capitalist development. While some have labeled Locke a mercantile or agrarian "capitalist thinker," others have insisted that, although a mercantilist, he was in no sense a theorist of capitalism. By reconstructing the relationship between Locke's ideas and the capitalist society of his day, this article challenges the prevailing terms through which commentators have traditionally interpreted his political economy and its place in the history of capitalism. I interpret Locke's perspectives on capital accumulation, foreign trade, and labor discipline throughout the 1690s as a reflection of the historical rise of export-oriented cycles of commodity manufacturing in the English countryside known as "proto-industrialization." Moreover, I claim that, because proto-industrialization was tied to the expansion of England's colonial economy, this neglected context of Locke's economic doctrine sheds new light on his vision of empire. Looking to his writings on Ireland, I argue that Locke pursued proto-industrial economic reform by combining a hierarchical, stadial theory of progress with an imperial policy aimed at "improving" the colonies through decreed patterns of production and exchange that favored metropolitan trade.

ABSTRACTObjectiveMucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) VI is a rare disorder caused by an autosomal recessive mutation in the short arm of chromosome 5 (5q12‐13) leading to an N‐acetylgalactosamine‐sulfatase lysosomal enzyme deficiency and numerous systemic clinical changes. The oral and maxillofacial complex may exhibit tooth eruption anomalies, macroglossia, gingival hypertrophy, mouth breathing, increased lower facial height, open bite, retrognathia, and progressive TMJ arthrosis. This report describes craniofacial growth changes in two MPS VI patients, sisters and daughters of outbred parents, who were longitudinally monitored from 11 to 15 years of age.Study DesignSkull lateral teleradiography and cephalometric tracings were performed. The measurements were assessed in the anteroposterior and vertical directions based on protocols by McNamara and Usp/Unicamp and compared to the normal reported ranges.ResultsA similar skeletal class III malocclusion was observed in both patients. The jaw was retruded, the anterior skull base decreased, and the mandibular body was normal or larger than normal. The vertical growth direction differed between the patients; one was hyperdivergent, while the other was hypodivergent.ConclusionsBy understanding the craniofacial growth changes in MPS VI patients, new treatment options may be developed for affected patients.