Suchergebnisse

Enlightenment forerunners in Essos? The issue of slavery in Game of Thrones. Game of Thrones has won the attention of several social scientists, including those dealing with economic issues. The way the author of the novels and the TV series showrunners deal with the subject of slavery reveals a far from superficial knowledge of the 18th century abolitionist debate. The paper aims to highlight the similarities between the ideas put forward in the dialogues of Game of Thrones characters and the political, juridical and economic reflections that we find in the Enlightenment authors committed to the abolition of slavery. In both cases, it is clear that – without an adequate reconfiguration of the legislative structure and a rational reorganization of the economic system – the freeing of slaves can have uncertain outcomes.

Cette étude vise à expliquer la fonction de l'intellectuel engagé et la nature de son écriture dissidente face aux transformations idéologiques et sociales de l'Italie des années soixante-dix. À partir de l'analyse de Pétrole, ouvrage rédigé entre 1970 et 1975 et publié inachevé et posthume en 1992, nous essayons de montrer comment Pasolini représente le chaos politique, social, culturel et idéologique qui s'installe dans le pays après l'échec des mouvements révolutionnaires de la fin des années soixante. L'auteur montre, par une écriture "dissidente" qui échappe à tout genre littéraire traditionnel, la force obscur d'un pouvoir s'exprimant à travers un langage et une culture standardisés et standardisants qui amènent à l'anéantissement des notions de l'autre et de différence. Dans le film Salò ou les 120 journées de Sodome il revient de manière très cruelle sur la perversion idéologique et culturelle d'un pouvoir qui a su dissocier de manière pragmatique la notion de démocratie et de liberté, de progrès et de développement tout en rabaissant le corps individuel à un simple objet de marchandise et de jouissance. Le réalisateur situe les sarabandes infernales et les pratiques sexuelles délirantes des quatre protagonistes dans l'atmosphère maladive et contraignante de la République Sociale de Salò, symbole d'un vide politique et social qui repose sur la crise des idéologies traditionnelles et sur la confiance en un développement qui n'est plus synonyme de progrès.

Traditional olive orchards account for a large share of the area under olives in the EU, particularly in marginal areas. Traditional olive growing can survive only by improving olive farmer incomes and recognizing its multifunctional role. Italy is the second largest olive oil producer of the European Union, and Umbria can be considered as one of the most interesting regions because of the high quality production of extra virgin olive oil and a close connection with traditional knowledge and the local environment. The regional olive oil chain involves about 30,000 farms growing olive trees covering about 27,000 ha and including 270 oil mills. The olive oil production phase comprises the extraction of the oil and additional by-products (water, pomace and husk). By-product management is very important; the olive oil mill wastes have a great impact on soil and water environments because of high phyto-toxicity (phenol, lipid and organic acids). On the other hand, such wastes may be potentially valuable.

Agroforestry systems are traditional land use practices widely evident in different agro-ecological environments. In Mediterranean areas they comprised the most important cultural models until the introduction of modern industrialised agriculture. Further, the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the EU has dramatically promoted agricultural monocultures, with detrimental effects on agroforestry systems. Consequently, both tree presence across agricultural lands and the associated biological diversity have been progressively reduced. Recent research activities have highlighted interesting potentialities of modern agroforestry systems (silvo-arable systems) based on the intercropping of high quality timber species with arable crops. At present, CAP recognises agroforestry as sustainable land use practice and the current Rural Development Plans (RDP) are promoting novel agroforestry systems at farm level through the measure 2.2.2. The overall aim of the paper was to assess the potential interest in establishing and adopting silvoarable agroforestry systems at farm level. In order to reach this aim, the paper combined two different surveys: i) an on-farm survey was utilised to investigate farmers' point of view concerning the adoption of silvo-arable systems in their farmlands in Central and Northern Italy; ii) an e-mail survey addressed to professional technicians, working as consultants in two Italian Regions (Umbria and Veneto), was utilised to evaluate their professional experience dealing with agroforestry and their attitude to promote agroforestry systems according to the measure 2.2.2 of the RDP. The results highlight the potential interest of farmers in establishing silvo-arable systems, although management constraints and economic uncertainty may strongly limit their effective adoption. From the point of view of the professionals, a lack of extension and training activities concerning agroforestry practices inhibits farmers' participation in the measure 2.2.2. Finally, the contrast between measure 2.2.2 and ...