Suchergebnisse

Una reciente transición en el campo del desarrollo rural es el movimiento desde un enfoque reducido del sector agrícola hasta uno que adopta una visión territorial más amplia. Este pasaje intenta interpretar las interacciones entre los mundos urbano y rural de una manera más comprensiva. Esta perspectiva teórica relativamente nueva interesa particularmente a los académicos y los políticos en los países latinoamericanos donde, a partir de la mitad de los años noventa, el concepto de una nueva ruralidad se ha visto como la fuente de un nuevo enfoque para el desarrollo rural. Por lo tanto, el propósito teórico de esta investigación es explicitar los indicadores analíticos del nuevo enfoque de la ruralidad en América Latina e identificar las diferencias entre los acercamientos sectoriales y territoriales, considerando los aspectos socio-económicos, institucionales y medioambientales involucrados. La transición del enfoque sectorial a uno territorial significa también, desde un punto de vista operativo, el reconocimiento de la existencia de áreas homogéneas a partir de las cuales pueden proponerse estrategias de desarrollo rural. El propósito operativo de esta investigación consiste en proponer una metodología para identificar estas áreas con una aplicación a la Región del Maule en Chile. La conclusión subraya algunos elementos críticos que se deben considerar en la definición de estrategias del desarrollo rural territorial. ; A recent transition in the field of rural development theory is a move from a narrow agricultural sector approach, to one which adopts broader territorial vision. This passage seeks to interpret interactions between urban and rural worlds in a more comprehensive manner.This relatively new theoretical perspective is of particular interest to academics and politicians in Latin American countries where, since the mid 1990s, the concept of new rurality has been seen as the source of a new approach to rural development. Therefore the theoretical purpose of this research is to clarify the analytical signposts of the new rurality theme in Latin America and to identify the differences between sectoral and territorial approaches considering the socioeconomic, institutional and environmental aspects involved. The transition from sectoral to territorial approaches also means, from an operative point of view, the recognition of homogeneous areas for the suggestion of rural development strategies. The operative purpose of this research consists in proposing a methodology to identify these areas with an application in the Maule Region in Chile. The conclusion underlines some critical elements that should be considered in the definition of territorial rural development strategies. ; Fil: Pisani, Elena. Università degli Studi di Padova (Italia). Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali ; Fil: Franceschetti, Giorgio. Università degli Studi di Padova (Italia). Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali

Este artículo presenta una discusión sobre la evolución de la agricultura en diferentes tipologías de economías rurales (economía de subsistencia, economía tradicional, economía agraria, economía rural y economía territorial). Se especifica, desde un punto de vista teórico, las diferentes políticas que deberían ser adoptadas para obtener un sistema rural más diversificado en el marco de la nueva ruralidad. Las conclusiones remarcan la necesidad de modificar la aplicación de políticas en los sectores urbanos de los países en desarrollo, tendientes a profundizar la integración entre las economías urbanas y rurales. ; This article presents a discussion over the evolution of agriculture of different typologies of rural economies (subsistence economy, traditional economy, agricultural economy, rural economy, territorial economy). Following the introduction we specify, from a theoretical point of view, the different politics that should be adopted to reach a more diversified rural system, as perceived in the framework of new rurality. Concluding remarks underline the necessity to change the application of urban policies in Developing Countries, aiming to a more deep integration of rural and urban economies. ; Fil: Pisani, Elena. ; Fil: Franceschetti, Giorgio.

Summary The forest fires of 2017 caused significant damage to the Maule Region, and forced a new process of reconstruction in the rural areas already affected by the earthquake in 2010. This article provides a comparative analysis of the technical and political logic of rebuilding rural housing in both processes. A qualitative methodology was used, carrying out 15 interviews and a focus group with key actors, as well as analysing secondary information to characterise the impacts and housing policy instruments applied. The results reflect the diversity of approaches used to rebuild. On the one hand, significant progress has been noted, such as the alignment of technical regulations and instruments (subsidies), greater openness to participatory processes, planning carried out by the State, and monitoring of the voluntary nature of private groups. On the other hand, there are outstanding challenges in the area of institutional structure, relations between relevant actors and Community involvement. However, in the post-forest fire reconstruction process, a state has a greater role to play in coordinating the actors involved and in supporting communities. ; Resumen Los incendios forestales del 2017 ocasionaron importantes daños en la Región del Maule, y obligaron a un nuevo proceso de reconstrucción en las zonas rurales que ya habían sido afectadas por el terremoto del 2010. Este artículo realiza un análisis comparativo de la lógica técnico-política de reconstrucción de viviendas rurales de ambos procesos. Se utilizó una metodología cualitativa, realizando 15 entrevistas y un focus group con actores claves, además de analizar información secundaria para caracterizar los impactos y los instrumentos de política habitacional aplicados. Los resultados dan cuenta de la diversidad de enfoques utilizados para reconstruir. Por un lado, se advierten importantes avances, como la adecuación de las normativas técnicas y los instrumentos (subsidios), una mayor apertura a los procesos participativos, una planificación realizada ...

Intro -- Social Capital and Local Development -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Part I Social Capital and Local Development in European Rural Areas: A Conceptual Framework -- 1 Introduction: Motivation, Aim and Contributions -- Motivation of the Book -- Aim of the Book -- The Innovative Method Proposed -- Contributions -- References -- 2 Social Capital: Intuition, Precept, Concept and Theory -- Introduction -- The Putnamian Tradition -- The Bourdieusian Tradition -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 3 Social Capital and Local Development in European Rural Areas: Theory and Empirics -- Introduction -- The Importance of Social Capital in Local Development -- The Neo-Endogenous Approach to Rural Development -- The Leader Approach and the Role of Social Capital -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 4 Social Capital and Rural Development in Europe: A Geographical Perspective -- Introduction -- The Debate on Social Capital in Human Geography -- History, Culture and the Regional Context for Rural Differences in Europe -- Meanings of "Rural" in Rural Development and Social Capital -- Locating Research on Social Capital and Rural Development in European Countries -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 5 Social Capital, Network Governance and Social Innovation: Towards a New Paradigm? -- Introduction -- A Conceptual Framework Linking Social Capital, Network Governance and Social Innovation -- Approaches for Understanding Governance and Its Connections to Social Capital -- Connections between Governance and Social Capital in the Positive Approach -- Connections Between Governance and Social Capital in the Normative Approach -- Key Elements for Assessing Governance in Relation to Social Capital in the LEADER Approach -- Key Elements

"This book addresses the role of social capital in promoting rural and local development. The recent financial and economic crises have exposed the European Union (EU) to an increased risk of social exclusion and poverty, which are now at the heart of its economic, employment and social agenda with explicit reference to rural and marginal areas (Europe 2020). The authors' work from the notion that rural development is not imposed from the 'outside', but depends also on endogenous factors, namely local cultural and ecological amenities, eco-system services, and economic links with urban areas which expand rural opportunities for innovation, competitiveness, employment and sustainable development. Social capital is of paramount importance because it helps build networks and trusting relations among local stakeholders in the public and private spheres, and supporting the enhancement of governance of natural resources in rural areas"--

Social innovation is an emerging topic, identified in the EU Strategy 2020 as one of the crucial, intangible factors required to promote smart, inclusive and sustainable growth. It provides society with a renovated role by considering it – in a time of major public budgetary constraints - an effective way of responding to social challenges through the mobilisation of people's creativity, the promotion of an innovative and learning society and the creation of the social dynamics behind technological innovations (BEPA, 2011: 7). Although it initially focused on addressing social disadvantage and exclusion in a wide range of contexts, urban more often than rural, an unambiguous definition of social innovation has not been agreed on yet (Moulaert et al. 2005; MacCallum et al. 2009). Likewise, so far only a few scholars have proposed how to interpret the concept in the rural arena (e.g. Neumeier, 2012; Bosworth et al. 2016; Bock et al. 2016). A recent proposed definition of social innovation in relation to rural areas with specific limitations in terms of geographical location and/or socio-economic conditions, comes from a 4-year research project named SIMRA (Social Innovation in Marginalised Rural Areas) and funded under the EU Horizon2020 Programme. Such proposed definition by Polman et al. (2017) states that social innovation is "the reconfiguring of social practices, in response to societal challenges, which seeks to enhance outcomes on societal well-being and necessarily includes the engagement of civil society actors". To date, a catalogue of more than 50 examples of social innovation that have been identified according to this definition, in the sectors of agriculture, forestry and rural development in marginalised rural areas in EU and extra-EU Mediterranean countries (Bryce et al. 2017), has been compiled and published online. The catalogue is neither fix nor comprehensive, rather it provides an initial overview on how large the variety of social innovation cases already implemented can be. On the one hand, social innovation is probably more widespread than reported by scientific literature and perceived by practitioners today. This may be because the concept refers de facto to a wide range of initiatives dealing with different societal challenges: from the new social uses of agricultural and forestry activities (e.g., social horticulture or social farming, nursery services in forests, forest therapy), to the creation of new networks based on public-private partnerships for the production, transformation and commercialisation of new agricultural products and services, to the involvement of migrants and refugees in the management of peri-urban green areas, to several others. On the other hand, our knowledge and understanding of social innovation and related socio-economic dynamics remains very limited. It has been already stated that a commonly accepted definition and theoretical conceptualisation are under construction. Besides, specific policy instruments are still lacking, and a method to comprehensively evaluate social innovation in terms of its effectiveness, efficiency, relevance and impacts on society, economy, environment and institutions is also not available yet. According to the SIMRA project proposal, key elements of social innovation to be evaluated are: the "trigger"; the "perceived context"; the "agency/actors" acting for change; the "reconfiguring" process of social practices (included networks, governance arrangements and attitudes); the "reconfigured" new situation that brings about a social innovation project; the "activities", "outputs" and "outcomes/impacts" of the social innovation project; the feedback loops interpreted as "learning processes". Information on these complex and multifaceted aspects can be collected at the local level by means of semi-structured and structured interviews and participatory-based events (focus groups). Both quantitative and qualitative approaches and instruments are hence combined, and this is applicable for data collection as well as for the analysis of results and reporting of findings. Accordingly, the data can then be analysed and interpreted through indicators and other advanced instruments like the Social Network Analysis. Our proposed SIMRA evaluation method is currently being tested in 10 different case studies in various EU and extra-EU Mediterranean countries. Preliminary results in terms of calculated indicators for social innovation elements are expected by January 2019. Given the current stage of the study within SIMRA, this contribution intends to stimulate the scientific discourse and the debate between the world of science and that of the stakeholders. It does this by providing ideas and opportunity for discussion, alongside possible practical solutions for an evaluation approach and a specific evaluation framework for the capturing of the multifaceted aspects of social innovation. The latter two will be explained by directly applying them to a few/three selected Italian examples that most probably will be chosen among "Cooperativa Cadore", with its SIMBIorti project (Belluno); the national network "Montagnaterapia", with its activities with disabled people; "Cooperativa di Comunità Briganti del Cerreto" (Reggio Emilia), with its multiple services to slow and rural tourism; "Rural Hub" (Frosinone), with its activity of migrants' inclusion. Despite the various methodological challenges and the high diversification and complexity of the topics to be evaluated (social innovation's process, project and impacts), we believe that our scheme paves the way for building an innovative set of methods that considers "social factors" important role in EU's future 'Rural Development Programs' and 'Agricultural research and Innovation Agenda'.

An agreed and well-consolidated evaluation framework for the assessment of social innovation (SI) and its impacts has not been developed yet, despite tentative made by scholars (e.g., Nicholls et al. 2015). The EU funded H2020 project SIMRA – Social Innovation in Marginalised Rural Areas (www.simra-h2020.eu) – aims to conceptualize an evaluation framework for SI initiatives in disadvantaged rural areas of Europe and non-EU Mediterranean countries. Within SIMRA, SI is defined as "the reconfiguring of social practices, in response to societal challenges, which seeks to enhance outcomes on societal well-being and necessarily includes the engagement of civil society actors" (Polman et al., 2017). The evaluation framework has been co-constructed with project partners and a panel of international stakeholders in the fields of agriculture, forestry and rural development (Nijnik et al. 2019). It is structured into dimensions and sub-dimensions. It follows the phases of a SI initiative, from the trigger that generates the idea, to the reconfiguring process, and to its impacts. Eight tools for data collection have been developed, tested in pilot cases, and applied in 11 case studies. Empirical results allowed to set 166 indicators: 73 indicators describe the SI dimensions; 63 indicators analyse the process, the project and the whole SI initiative by following relevance, efficiency, effectiveness, impact and sustainability evaluation criteria (OECD, 1991 and 2010); 30 indicators focus on the key aspects of the SI SIMRA definition. Social Network Analysis helps in visualizing the increasing collaborative network of actors involved in the SI process, from core group composed by innovators and followers, to the reconfigured network with new project partners. The approach integrates qualitative-pure methods (e.g., focus group) with quantitative ones. The proposed evaluation framework would like to contribute to current debates, both within the scientific and practitioners' communities, on evidence-based policy and self-evaluation by rural development agencies.

An agreed and well-consolidated evaluation framework for the assessment of social innovation (SI) and its impacts has not been developed yet, despite initial tentative made by scholars (e.g., Nicholls et al. 2015, Bock 2016). Social Innovation in Marginalised Rural Areas – SIMRA (www.simra-h2020.eu.) is a EU funded H2020 project which aims to conceptualize and propose an evaluation framework, based on qualitative-quantitative methods to evaluate SI in disadvantaged rural areas of Europe and non-EU Mediterranean countries. Within SIMRA, SI is defined as "the reconfiguring of social practices, in response to societal challenges, which seeks to enhance outcomes on societal well-being and necessarily includes the engagement of civil society actors" (Polman et al., 2017). The aim of this paper is to illustrate the framework and the related tools for data collection and analysis that we propose for evaluating SI and its impacts in rural contexts. The evaluation framework has been co-constructed with project partners and a panel of international stakeholders in the fields of agriculture, forestry, and rural development (Nijnik et al. 2019). It is structured into dimensions and sub-dimensions. It follows the phases of a SI initiative, from the trigger that generates the idea, to the reconfiguring process to its impacts. The framework envisages several interconnected quantitative and qualitative variables. Eight tools for variables collection have been developed, tested in two pilot cases, and applied in 11 case studies in the target regions. Empirical results allowed to set 166 indicators: 73 indicators describe all the dimensions of SI (e.g., idea, agency, new networks, outputs, outcomes, learning processes); 63 indicators analyse the process, the project and the whole SI initiative by following relevance, efficiency, effectiveness, impact and sustainability evaluation criteria (OECD, 1991 and 2010); 30 indicators focus on the key descriptive of the SI SIMRA definition. The approach integrates qualitative-pure methods (e.g., focus group) with quantitative ones (e.g., Social Network Analysis). The empirically tested evaluation framework proposed in this paper would like to contribute to current debates, both within the scientific and practitioners' communities, on evidence-based policy, future strategies to support communities' creativity mobilization, and self-evaluation by rural development agencies.

Abstract The EU rural development policy has addressed challenges related to climate change in agriculture by introducing public voluntary schemes, which financially support the adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices. Several factors, most of which are non-financial ones, drive adoption and continuation of these schemes by farmers. Despite the importance of these factors, only a few studies explore their role in the European context. This paper contributes to filling this gap from a twofold perspective. First, it investigates the role of the farming factors, technology accessibility, environmental features, policy design and social expertise at the territorial level on early adoption. Second, it sheds light on farmers' attitudes and motivations and on social pressure on their decision to continue or discontinue the practices, by surveying a sample of early adopters. Three schemes for the Veneto region rural development programme are considered: no tillage, fertiliser reduction, and water and fertiliser reduction. The results highlight that non-financial factors should be considered in order to design more effective schemes to prompt farmers to adopt and continue such practices over the long run. The paper also stresses the need to complement financial support with proactive information-based instruments.

The "Final Report on Cross-Case Studies Assessment of Social Innovation" provides a transversal and systematic analysis of the Case Studies of Social innovation (SI) identified in the H2020 SIMRA project (http://www.simra-h2020.eu/) using aggregated qualitative and quantitative empirical information. The cross-case analysis identifies commonalities and differences across the cases in relation to the principal issues and characteristics of social innovation processes in Marginalised Rural Areas and examines complex and situated relationships and interactions. The cross-case assessment of the main social innovation issues and characteristics was based on the investigation of important trends identified within five cross-cutting themes of enquiry: The factors that influence the emergence and development of social innovation in terms of both the context and characteristics of actors. The process of reconfiguration and the changes of social practices (e.g. new networks, new government arrangements). The model of social innovation development and the identification of trajectory of divergence. The impacts of the social innovation on dimensions of territorial capital (economy, society, environment, governance). The analysis of policy impacts on social innovation and social innovation policy implications. In addition to the analysis undertaken for each theme of enquiry, composite indicators were calculated which were based upon the methodology developed in Secco et al. (2019) to better understand Social Innovation in Marginalised Rural Areas on a large scale. Outputs associated with the report are recommendations on factors linked to the success and failure of social innovation initiatives in relation to impacts of policies or on policies. ; Suggested citation: Ravazzoli, E., Dalla Torre, C., Streifeneder, T., Pisani, E., Da Re, R., Vicentini, K., Secco, L., Górriz-Mifsud, E., Marini Govigli, V., Melnykovych, M., Valero, D., Bryce, R., Weiß, G., Ludvig, A., Zivojinovic, I. and Lukesch, R. 2020. Final Report on ...

Social innovation (SI) impacts are long-term changes that affect different dimensions of territorial capital (i.e., economy, society, environment, governance) for the territory in which SI occurs. Yet, systematic empirical evidence and theoretically sound assessments of the impacts of SI are scarce. This paper aims to fill the gap and assess the different aspects of SI's impacts in European and Mediterranean areas that are characterized by marginalization processes. To assess the impacts of SI in marginalized areas, we use the evaluation framework developed within the Social Innovation in Marginalized Rural Areas (SIMRA) Horizon 2020 project and apply it to nine SI initiatives related to the fields of agriculture, fisheries, forestry, and rural development. Our findings show that SI produces cross-sectoral (societal, economic, environmental, and governmental) and multi-level impacts (on individuals, community, and society), which have improved the societal well-being, and contributed to the reduction of certain forms of marginality, mainly inside the territory in which SI occurred. ; This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under Grant Agreement No. 677622 (H2020 SIMRA–Social Innovation in Marginalised Rural Areas Project).