Suchergebnisse

Los conceptos de cohesión, diversidad y desarrollo territorial han ido ganando progresiva importancia durante los últimos años en el debate sobre las políticas públicas a aplicar sobre el territorio, en especial en el seno de la Unión Europea. Este artículo plantea una clarificación terminológica de los mismos y una aproximación metodológica a su medición, centrándose en la experiencia desarrollada con los Informes de Desarrollo Territorial de Andalucía. ; The concepts of cohesion, diversity and spatial development have gained increasing importance in the debate on public policies in recent years, in particular within the European Union context. This article raises a terminological clarification of these concepts, as well as a methodological approach to its measurement, focusing on the experience gained with the Spatial Development Reports of Andalusia (Spain). ; Fil: Pita, M. F,. Universidad de Sevilla ; Fil: Pedregal, B. Universidad de Sevilla ; Fil: Torres, J.F. Universidad de Sevilla ; Fil: Fernández-Tabales, A. Universidad de Sevilla

In Spain, Game Reserves (GR) are territorial public hunting management units that cover 3.5% of the country and ~ 10% of the Natura 2000 Network. The first GR were established in 1966 and by 2011 there were 49. Their primary purposes were to promote wild ungulate populations, their sustainable use, and to provide social, economic, and recreational benefits to local communities and hunters, generally. During the 1980s following a political federalization process, GR became the responsibility of regional governments and their role has never been evaluated, even though the political, rural ecological, and administrative frameworks underwent substantial changes. In this paper, we present a review of the state of GR in 2011, identify their successes and problems, and provide recommendations for the future. The GR have been fundamental to sustainable hunting and the protection of wildlife, particularly, game species. Currently, their virtues are not widely appreciated and they do not receive sufficient financial and human resources to meet their objective fully. We propose several initiatives that might improve the use of existing resources and increase the profile of these publicly managed areas. ; Las Reservas de Caza (RC) constituyen una figura de gestión cinegética pública del territorio en España. Abarcan el 3.5% del territorio y ocupan aproximadamente el 10% de la Red Natura 2000. Su declaración comenzó en 1966, y desde entonces no ha cesado, llegando en la actualidad a las 49 RC. Fueron creadas esencialmente para la promoción de las poblaciones de ungulados silvestres, el aprovechamiento ordenado de este recurso y la satisfacción social, económica y recreativa de las comunidades locales y de los cazadores en general. Quedaron fuera de la tutela del estado tras su descentralización a partir de principios de los años ochenta del pasado siglo, y su función en conjunto no ha sido nunca evaluada, al tiempo que el panorama político, rural, ecológico y administrativo ha sufrido profundos cambios. Este artículo pretende ofrecer una panorámica actualizada de la situación de las RC a principios del siglo XXI, evaluar sus logros y problemática actual, así como proponer algunas actuaciones para el futuro inmediato. Las RC han sido pioneras en el aprovechamiento sostenible de la caza y de gran utilidad para la protección de la fauna en general y las especies cinegéticas en concreto. Actualmente no gozan del reconocimiento popular, y no reciben los recursos necesarios económicos y humanos suficientes para seguir cumpliendo su función adecuadamente. Se proponen una serie de medidas para aprovechar mejor los recursos disponibles y poder dar a conocer a la sociedad el valor de estos terrenos de gestión pública.

The Male Warrior Hypothesis (MWH) establishes that men's psychology has been shaped by inter-group competition to acquire and protect reproductive resources. In this context, sex-specific selective pressures would have favored cooperation with the members of one's group in combination with hostility towards outsiders. We investigate the role of developmental testosterone, as measured indirectly through static markers of prenatal testosterone (2D:4D digit ratio) and pubertal testosterone (body musculature and facial masculinity), on both cooperation and aggressive behavior in the context of intergroup conflict among men. Supporting the MWH, our results show that the intergroup conflict scenario promotes cooperation within group members and aggression toward outgroup members. Regarding the hormonal underpinnings of this phenomenon, we find that body musculature is positively associated with aggression and cooperation, but only for cooperation when context (inter-group competition) is taken into account. Finally, we did not find evidence that the formidability of the group affected individual rates of aggression or cooperation, controlling for individual characteristics ; Research was funded by a Regular FONDECYT project (#1170513) to J.A.M.R. and a FONDECYT Iniciación project (#11181293) to P.P. from the government of Chile

The Male Warrior Hypothesis (MWH) establishes that men's psychology has been shaped by inter-group competition to acquire and protect reproductive resources. In this context, sex-specific selective pressures would have favored cooperation with the members of one's group in combination with hostility towards outsiders. We investigate the role of developmental testosterone, as measured indirectly through static markers of prenatal testosterone (2D:4D digit ratio) and pubertal testosterone (body musculature and facial masculinity), on both cooperation and aggressive behavior in the context of intergroup conflict among men. Supporting the MWH, our results show that the intergroup conflict scenario promotes cooperation within group members and aggression toward outgroup members. Regarding the hormonal underpinnings of this phenomenon, we find that body musculature is positively associated with aggression and cooperation, but only for cooperation when context (intergroup competition) is taken into account. Finally, we did not find evidence that the formidability of the group affected individual rates of aggression or cooperation, controlling for individual characteristics. ; Regular FONDECYT project from the government of Chile 1170513 FONDECYT Iniciacion project from the government of Chile 11181293

Maerl beds occur worldwide and are formed by an accumulation of unattached calcareous red algae (Rhodophyta). Maerl-forming algae grow in a superficial living layer on sediments within the photic zone. Maerl beds are spatially complex habitats with a high degree of species and trophic group diversity. The European Commission's 'Habitats Directive' mandates the conservation management of two of the main European maerl-forming species, Phymatolithon calcareum and Lithothamnion corallioides. Mediterranean maerl beds are to be considered for inclusion in national inventories of sites of conservation interest, as required by the SPABIM Protocol of the Barcelona Convention. In spite of their importance, and the requirement for their conservation management, European maerl grounds suffer a variety of anthropogenic perturbations including direct exploitation through extraction, fishing impacts and chemical pollution by organic matter and excess nutrients. The ecology of northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean maerl beds has received little attention, in contrast to other marine communities (e.g. kelp forests, sea-grass meadows). Key conservation and management measures proposed include: the recognition that maerl beds are non-renewable resources and cannot sustain direct exploitation; prohibitions on the use of towed gear on maerl grounds; moratoria on the issue of further permits for the siting of aquaculture units above maerl grounds; monitoring of existing exploited or impacted maerl beds; the designation of 'no-take' reserves; measures to limit the impacts that might affect water quality above maerl beds; a programme of monitoring of the 'health' of European maerl beds; an awareness campaign on the biological importance of maerl beds; a higher conservation status for maerl habitats and maerlforming species in European legislation; and further research on maerl ecosystems. ; peer-reviewed