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Polymastiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae) of the Nordic and Siberian Seas are revised and compared with the related species of the North Atlantic based on the morphological data from the type and comparative material and the molecular data from fresh samples. Twenty species from six polymastiid genera are recorded. Two species, Polymastia svenseni from Western Norway and Spinularia njordi from the Norwegian Sea, are new to science. One species, Polymastia andrica, is new to the Nordic Seas and two species, Polymastia cf. bartletti and P. penicillus, are new to the Scandinavian Coast. Distribution of the polymastiids in the North Atlantic and Arctic is discussed and the allegedly wide distribution of Spinularia sarsii and S. spinularia is questioned. ; We would like to express our gratitude to all colleagues, who kindly provided the access to the sponge collections of their institutions: Jean-Marc Gagnon (Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa), Erica Mejlon (Museum of Evolution, University of Uppsala), Kennet Lundin and Carola Azurduy Högström (Gothenburg Natural History Museum), Miche`le Bruni (Musée Océanographique de Monaco), Carsten Lüter (Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin), Isabelle Domart-Coulon (Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris), Clare Valentine, Andrew Cabrinovic and Emma Sherlock (Natural History Museum, London), Nicole de Voogd and J. Koos van Egmond (Naturalis Biodiversity center, Leiden), Lutz Bachmann and Ase Ingvild Wilhelmsen (Natural History Museum, University of Oslo), Ole Secher Tendal (Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen), Bernard E. Picton (Ulster Museum, National Museums of Northern Ireland, Belfast), Jon Anders Kongsrud (University Museum of Bergen, Natural History Collections), Torkild Bakken (University Museum of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim), Olga Bozhenova (Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg). We are also thankful to Bjørn Gulliksen (University of Tromsø), Bjørn Tore Dragnes (OMNIMAR Dragnes, ...

All polymastiid sponges displaying ornamented exotyles are reviewed and their morphological affinities are reconsidered. The study embraces all known species of Proteleia, Sphaerotylus, Trachyteleia and Tylexocladus as well as several species of Polymastia. A new genus, Koltunia, is established for the Antarctic species Proteleia burtoni based on the unique shape of distal ornamentations of its giant exotyles and on the absence of a spicule palisade in its cortex, a rare feature among the polymastiids. Three new species of Sphaerotylus are described – S. renoufi from the British Isles, S. strobilis from South Africa and S. tjalfei from West Greenland. Transfer of one New Zealand species from Polymastia to Proteleia and of one Chilean species from Polymastia to Sphaerotylus is proposed. The present study provides a background for future integrative phylogenetic analyses based on comprehensive molecular and morphological datasets which should reveal the natural relationships between the polymastiid taxa. ; We would like to express our gratitude to all colleagues who kindly provided the access to the historical and recent sponge collections of their institutions, namely to Clare Valentine, Andrew Cabrinovic and Emma Sherlock (National History Museum, London), Bruce Marshall (Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington), Bernard E. Picton (Ulster Museum, Belfast), Carsten Lüter and Carsten Eckert (Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin), Michèle Bruni (Musée Océanographique de Monaco), Ole Secher Tendal (Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen), Boris Sirenko and Olga Sheiko (Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg), Claude Lévi and Isabelle Domart-Coulon (Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris), Klaus Rützler (Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington), Nicole de Voogd and J. Koos van Egmond (National Museum of Natural History, Leiden). Egil Severin Erichsen (University of Bergen) and Marie-Louise Tritz (Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Frankfurt am ...

Polymastiidae Gray, 1867 is a worldwide distributed sponge family, which has a great significance for understanding of the demosponge deep phylogeny since the former order Hadromerida Topsent, 1894 has been recently split based on the molecular evidence and a new separate order has been established for the polymastiids. However, molecular data obtained from Polymastiidae so far are scarce, while the phylogenetic reconstruction based on morphology has faced a deficit of characters along with the vagueness of their states. The present study is a phylogenetic reconstruction of Polymastiidae based on novel data on two molecular markers, cytochrome oxidase subunit I and large subunit ribosomal DNA, obtained from a broad set of species. Monophyly of the family and nonmonophyly of four polymastiid genera are revealed, suggesting a high level of homoplasy of morphological characters, which are therefore not an appropriate base for the natural classification of Polymastiidae. Although the presented phylogenies cannot yet provide an alternative classification scheme, several strongly supported clades, which may be used as reference points in future classification, are recovered and three taxonomic actions are proposed: transfer of one species from Radiella to Polymastia Bowerbank, 1862; transfer of three species from Radiella Schmidt, 1870 to Spinularia Gray, 1867; and the consequent abandonment of Radiella. ; This record in Zenodo includes three Supplementary Material files, available to authorized users also on the Journal's article page. This study was supported by the Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre (grant to HTR, project number 70184219), the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters (grant to HTR), the Research Council of Norway (through contract number 179560), and the SponGES project through Horizon 2020, the European Union Framework Program for Research and Innovation (grant agreement No 679849). © The Authors 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com. This article is ...