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Abstract: Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Lithuania has been struggling with rapidly increasing centre–periphery polarization. There has been a growth in major cities and a significant decline in peripheral rural territories. The ongoing peripheralization is deepening the gap between centre and periphery. This paper introduces a peripheral region determination model, whilst highlighting that this complex geographical issue combines location, demographic, social, economic, cultural, political and natural factors. By analyzing the case of Lithuania using 1992–2012 data at the LAU-1 region level, the study reveals a polarized picture of the country and highlights the factors influencing peripherality in different regions.

Lithuania is one of the countries that suffers great depopulation. The last decades depopulation tendency is especially evident in Central and Eastern European region. Depopulation is a significant challenge for non-metropolitan cities and their residents, and for decision makers. This article introduces urban shrinkage in Lithuania using a case study of the fourth biggest city and regional centre in Lithuania – Šiauliai city. This chapter is based on the same logic (drivers, consequences and governance) that is presented in the 'heuristic model of urban shrinkage' introduced by a group of German, UK, Poland and other countries' scholars (Haase et al., 2014). The drivers of shrinkage of Šiauliai city fall into three main groups: political, economic and demographic. Even though the urban shrinkage of the peripheral city of Šiauliai is not an exception and it is a well-recognized fact that deindustrialization damaged most European cities, in our case, the pace and circumstances were extreme and so widespread, that only large out-migration could have solved the direct consequences of them. This, however, has caused other long-term problems such as a negative demographic structure, shrinking public service networks, brownfields, and created a negative image, low development potential, and low expectations for a prosperous future. National and Local governments are looking for ways to deal with shrinkage, but so far not very successfully. This article includes quantitative and qualitative analyses: statistics introducing the drivers and consequences of shrinkage, and qualitative information collected via analysing legal documents (strategies, plans, research papers) that the municipality of Šiauliai city presents in its official municipality data base. The analysis of the documents allows making assumptions that the local government clearly understands the current depopulation situation. However, even though the schools, faculties of university, youth institutions are being closed, and aging population compose majority of voters, the local government does not leave the idea to become the city comfortable for young families (Šiauliai city strategic… 2016). In order to accomplish this idea the local government is looking for the ways to attract investment and create working places for young specialists, the public infrastructure is being renovated, green areas redesigned, public transportation network developed. However, despite all those efforts, if the emigration will keep similar trends and immigration will remain low, the city will face the further shrinkage.

After Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries joined EU, shrinkage issue assumed a new research approach, where majority of discussions concentrate on industrialization and population decline in the post-communist countries coping with the communism's consequences. Scholars have revealed that shrinking cities form a large share of Europe's large cities, however, they stress that it becomes obvious that current locality of emigration and drop of birth rates is situated in CEE. Lithuania is one of CEE countries that suffers great depopulation. Depopulation appears a great challenge for non-metropolitan cities and their residents, and also for decision makers. The purpose of my presentation is to introduce with urban shrinkage in Lithuania using an example of fourth biggest city in Lithuania – Šiauliai city. Presentation is based on the same logic (drivers, consequences and governance) that is presented in the 'heuristic model of urban shrinkage' introduced by a group of German, UK, Poland and other countries' scholars (Haase et al., 2014). The research allowed to point out that main drivers of shrinkage of Šiauliai fall into three main groups: political, economic and demographic; whereas consequences of shrinkage most heavily hits demographic situation of the city. National and Local governments are looking for ways how to deal with shrinkage, but so far not very successfully. Presentation has quantitative and qualitative sides: statistics numbers introducing with drivers and consequences of shrinkage, and most recent qualitative information collected via semi-structured interviews with local authorities of the city. Research grant DOTSUT-149 (09.3.3-LMT-K-712-02-0062) from Research Council of Lithuania

Lithuania is one of the countries that suffers great depopulation. The last decades depopulation tendency is especially evident in Central and Eastern European region. Depopulation is a significant challenge for non-metropolitan cities and their residents, and for decision makers. This article introduces urban shrinkage in Lithuania using a case study of the fourth biggest city and regional centre in Lithuania – Šiauliai city. This chapter is based on the same logic (drivers, consequences and governance) that is presented in the 'heuristic model of urban shrinkage' introduced by a group of German, UK, Poland and other countries' scholars (Haase et al., 2014). The drivers of shrinkage of Šiauliai city fall into three main groups: political, economic and demographic. Even though the urban shrinkage of the peripheral city of Šiauliai is not an exception and it is a well-recognized fact that deindustrialization damaged most European cities, in our case, the pace and circumstances were extreme and so widespread, that only large out-migration could have solved the direct consequences of them. This, however, has caused other long-term problems such as a negative demographic structure, shrinking public service networks, brownfields, and created a negative image, low development potential, and low expectations for a prosperous future. National and Local governments are looking for ways to deal with shrinkage, but so far not very successfully. This article includes quantitative and qualitative analyses: statistics introducing the drivers and consequences of shrinkage, and qualitative information collected via analysing legal documents (strategies, plans, research papers) that the municipality of Šiauliai city presents in its official municipality data base. The analysis of the documents allows making assumptions that the local government clearly understands the current depopulation situation. However, even though the schools, faculties of university, youth institutions are being closed, and aging population compose majority of voters, the local government does not leave the idea to become the city comfortable for young families (Šiauliai city strategic… 2016). In order to accomplish this idea the local government is looking for the ways to attract investment and create working places for young specialists, the public infrastructure is being renovated, green areas redesigned, public transportation network developed. However, despite all those efforts, if the emigration will keep similar trends and immigration will remain low, the city will face the further shrinkage.

After Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries joined EU, shrinkage issue assumed a new research approach, where majority of discussions concentrate on industrialization and population decline in the post-communist countries coping with the communism's consequences. Scholars have revealed that shrinking cities form a large share of Europe's large cities, however, they stress that it becomes obvious that current locality of emigration and drop of birth rates is situated in CEE. Lithuania is one of CEE countries that suffers great depopulation. Depopulation appears a great challenge for non-metropolitan cities and their residents, and also for decision makers. The purpose of my presentation is to introduce with urban shrinkage in Lithuania using an example of fourth biggest city in Lithuania – Šiauliai city. Presentation is based on the same logic (drivers, consequences and governance) that is presented in the 'heuristic model of urban shrinkage' introduced by a group of German, UK, Poland and other countries' scholars (Haase et al., 2014). The research allowed to point out that main drivers of shrinkage of Šiauliai fall into three main groups: political, economic and demographic; whereas consequences of shrinkage most heavily hits demographic situation of the city. National and Local governments are looking for ways how to deal with shrinkage, but so far not very successfully. Presentation has quantitative and qualitative sides: statistics numbers introducing with drivers and consequences of shrinkage, and most recent qualitative information collected via semi-structured interviews with local authorities of the city. Research grant DOTSUT-149 (09.3.3-LMT-K-712-02-0062) from Research Council of Lithuania

Abstract: Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Lithuania has been struggling with rapidly increasing centre–periphery polarization. There has been a growth in major cities and a significant decline in peripheral rural territories. The ongoing peripheralization is deepening the gap between centre and periphery. This paper introduces a peripheral region determination model, whilst highlighting that this complex geographical issue combines location, demographic, social, economic, cultural, political and natural factors. By analyzing the case of Lithuania using 1992–2012 data at the LAU-1 region level, the study reveals a polarized picture of the country and highlights the factors influencing peripherality in different regions.

Lithuania is one of the countries that suffers great depopulation. The last decades depopulation tendency is especially evident in Central and Eastern European region. Depopulation is a significant challenge for non-metropolitan cities and their residents, and for decision makers. This article introduces urban shrinkage in Lithuania using a case study of the fourth biggest city and regional centre in Lithuania – Šiauliai city. This chapter is based on the same logic (drivers, consequences and governance) that is presented in the 'heuristic model of urban shrinkage' introduced by a group of German, UK, Poland and other countries' scholars (Haase et al., 2014). The drivers of shrinkage of Šiauliai city fall into three main groups: political, economic and demographic. Even though the urban shrinkage of the peripheral city of Šiauliai is not an exception and it is a well-recognized fact that deindustrialization damaged most European cities, in our case, the pace and circumstances were extreme and so widespread, that only large out-migration could have solved the direct consequences of them. This, however, has caused other long-term problems such as a negative demographic structure, shrinking public service networks, brownfields, and created a negative image, low development potential, and low expectations for a prosperous future. National and Local governments are looking for ways to deal with shrinkage, but so far not very successfully. This article includes quantitative and qualitative analyses: statistics introducing the drivers and consequences of shrinkage, and qualitative information collected via analysing legal documents (strategies, plans, research papers) that the municipality of Šiauliai city presents in its official municipality data base. The analysis of the documents allows making assumptions that the local government clearly understands the current depopulation situation. However, even though the schools, faculties of university, youth institutions are being closed, and aging population compose majority of voters, the local government does not leave the idea to become the city comfortable for young families (Šiauliai city strategic… 2016). In order to accomplish this idea the local government is looking for the ways to attract investment and create working places for young specialists, the public infrastructure is being renovated, green areas redesigned, public transportation network developed. However, despite all those efforts, if the emigration will keep similar trends and immigration will remain low, the city will face the further shrinkage.

After Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries joined EU, shrinkage issue assumed a new research approach, where majority of discussions concentrate on industrialization and population decline in the post-communist countries coping with the communism's consequences. Scholars have revealed that shrinking cities form a large share of Europe's large cities, however, they stress that it becomes obvious that current locality of emigration and drop of birth rates is situated in CEE. Lithuania is one of CEE countries that suffers great depopulation. Depopulation appears a great challenge for non-metropolitan cities and their residents, and also for decision makers. The purpose of my presentation is to introduce with urban shrinkage in Lithuania using an example of fourth biggest city in Lithuania – Šiauliai city. Presentation is based on the same logic (drivers, consequences and governance) that is presented in the 'heuristic model of urban shrinkage' introduced by a group of German, UK, Poland and other countries' scholars (Haase et al., 2014). The research allowed to point out that main drivers of shrinkage of Šiauliai fall into three main groups: political, economic and demographic; whereas consequences of shrinkage most heavily hits demographic situation of the city. National and Local governments are looking for ways how to deal with shrinkage, but so far not very successfully. Presentation has quantitative and qualitative sides: statistics numbers introducing with drivers and consequences of shrinkage, and most recent qualitative information collected via semi-structured interviews with local authorities of the city. Research grant DOTSUT-149 (09.3.3-LMT-K-712-02-0062) from Research Council of Lithuania

Lithuania is one of the countries that suffers great depopulation. The last decades depopulation tendency is especially evident in Central and Eastern European region. Depopulation is a significant challenge for non-metropolitan cities and their residents, and for decision makers. This article introduces urban shrinkage in Lithuania using a case study of the fourth biggest city and regional centre in Lithuania – Šiauliai city. This chapter is based on the same logic (drivers, consequences and governance) that is presented in the 'heuristic model of urban shrinkage' introduced by a group of German, UK, Poland and other countries' scholars (Haase et al., 2014). The drivers of shrinkage of Šiauliai city fall into three main groups: political, economic and demographic. Even though the urban shrinkage of the peripheral city of Šiauliai is not an exception and it is a well-recognized fact that deindustrialization damaged most European cities, in our case, the pace and circumstances were extreme and so widespread, that only large out-migration could have solved the direct consequences of them. This, however, has caused other long-term problems such as a negative demographic structure, shrinking public service networks, brownfields, and created a negative image, low development potential, and low expectations for a prosperous future. National and Local governments are looking for ways to deal with shrinkage, but so far not very successfully. This article includes quantitative and qualitative analyses: statistics introducing the drivers and consequences of shrinkage, and qualitative information collected via analysing legal documents (strategies, plans, research papers) that the municipality of Šiauliai city presents in its official municipality data base. The analysis of the documents allows making assumptions that the local government clearly understands the current depopulation situation. However, even though the schools, faculties of university, youth institutions are being closed, and aging population compose majority of voters, the local government does not leave the idea to become the city comfortable for young families (Šiauliai city strategic… 2016). In order to accomplish this idea the local government is looking for the ways to attract investment and create working places for young specialists, the public infrastructure is being renovated, green areas redesigned, public transportation network developed. However, despite all those efforts, if the emigration will keep similar trends and immigration will remain low, the city will face the further shrinkage.

After Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries joined EU, shrinkage issue assumed a new research approach, where majority of discussions concentrate on industrialization and population decline in the post-communist countries coping with the communism's consequences. Scholars have revealed that shrinking cities form a large share of Europe's large cities, however, they stress that it becomes obvious that current locality of emigration and drop of birth rates is situated in CEE. Lithuania is one of CEE countries that suffers great depopulation. Depopulation appears a great challenge for non-metropolitan cities and their residents, and also for decision makers. The purpose of my presentation is to introduce with urban shrinkage in Lithuania using an example of fourth biggest city in Lithuania – Šiauliai city. Presentation is based on the same logic (drivers, consequences and governance) that is presented in the 'heuristic model of urban shrinkage' introduced by a group of German, UK, Poland and other countries' scholars (Haase et al., 2014). The research allowed to point out that main drivers of shrinkage of Šiauliai fall into three main groups: political, economic and demographic; whereas consequences of shrinkage most heavily hits demographic situation of the city. National and Local governments are looking for ways how to deal with shrinkage, but so far not very successfully. Presentation has quantitative and qualitative sides: statistics numbers introducing with drivers and consequences of shrinkage, and most recent qualitative information collected via semi-structured interviews with local authorities of the city. Research grant DOTSUT-149 (09.3.3-LMT-K-712-02-0062) from Research Council of Lithuania

Abstract: Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Lithuania has been struggling with rapidly increasing centre–periphery polarization. There has been a growth in major cities and a significant decline in peripheral rural territories. The ongoing peripheralization is deepening the gap between centre and periphery. This paper introduces a peripheral region determination model, whilst highlighting that this complex geographical issue combines location, demographic, social, economic, cultural, political and natural factors. By analyzing the case of Lithuania using 1992–2012 data at the LAU-1 region level, the study reveals a polarized picture of the country and highlights the factors influencing peripherality in different regions.

Abstract: Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Lithuania has been struggling with rapidly increasing centre–periphery polarization. There has been a growth in major cities and a significant decline in peripheral rural territories. The ongoing peripheralization is deepening the gap between centre and periphery. This paper introduces a peripheral region determination model, whilst highlighting that this complex geographical issue combines location, demographic, social, economic, cultural, political and natural factors. By analyzing the case of Lithuania using 1992–2012 data at the LAU-1 region level, the study reveals a polarized picture of the country and highlights the factors influencing peripherality in different regions.

After Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries joined the European Union, the issue of urban shrinkage assumed a new research approach, with most discussions focusing on deindustrialization and population decline in postsocialist countries. Scholars have identified that shrinking cities form a large share of Europe's large cities, however, they stressed that CEE is the current locality of emigration and declining birth rates. Lithuania represents one such CEE country that has experienced drastic depopulation. Depopulation is a significant challenge for non-metropolitan cities, their residents, and decisionmakers. This chapter introduces urban shrinkage in Lithuania with a case study of Šiauliai, the fourth largest city and a regional center of Lithuania. This chapter is based on the same logic (drivers, consequences and governance) presented in the 'heuristic model of urban shrinkage' (Haase et al. 2014). The drivers of shrinkage in Šiauliai fall into three main groups: political, economic and demographic. National and local governments are looking for ways to deal with shrinkage, but, so far, efforts have not been very successfully. This chapter comprises of quantitative and qualitative analyses, including statistics on the drivers and consequences of shrinkage, as well as recent information collected via semi-structured interviews with local authorities.

After Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries joined the European Union, the issue of urban shrinkage assumed a new research approach, with most discussions focusing on deindustrialization and population decline in postsocialist countries. Scholars have identified that shrinking cities form a large share of Europe's large cities, however, they stressed that CEE is the current locality of emigration and declining birth rates. Lithuania represents one such CEE country that has experienced drastic depopulation. Depopulation is a significant challenge for non-metropolitan cities, their residents, and decisionmakers. This chapter introduces urban shrinkage in Lithuania with a case study of Šiauliai, the fourth largest city and a regional center of Lithuania. This chapter is based on the same logic (drivers, consequences and governance) presented in the 'heuristic model of urban shrinkage' (Haase et al. 2014). The drivers of shrinkage in Šiauliai fall into three main groups: political, economic and demographic. National and local governments are looking for ways to deal with shrinkage, but, so far, efforts have not been very successfully. This chapter comprises of quantitative and qualitative analyses, including statistics on the drivers and consequences of shrinkage, as well as recent information collected via semi-structured interviews with local authorities.