Suchergebnisse

Artykuł omawia zjawisko ukrywania się przed internowaniem działaczy Solidarności oraz działaczy innych ugrupowań opozycyjnych w czasie stanu wojennego w Polsce (1981–1983). Wielu z tych działaczy ukrywało się w prywatnych mieszkaniach, niekiedy należących również do instytucji kościelnych.


The article discusses the phenomenon of hiding from internment of Solidarity activists and activists of other opposition groups during the martial law in Poland (1981–1983). Many of these activists hid in private apartments, sometimes also belonging to church institutions. In the case of their active underground activity, they even became at the forefront of underground structures. Disclosure of people in hiding is often used by people enjoying trusted society.

The construction industry is the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases. The CO2 emission levels in the atmosphere are already reaching a tipping point and could cause severe climate change. An important element is the introduction of a technology that allows for the capture and sequencing of carbon dioxide levels, reducing both emissions and the carbon footprint from the production of Portland cement and cement-based building materials. The European Union has started work on the European Climate Law, establishing the European Green Deal program, which introduces the achievement of climate neutrality in the European Union countries. This includes a new policy of sustainable construction, the aim of which is to develop products with a closed life cycle through proper waste management. All efforts are being made to create generated waste and thus to support their production and/or use as substitutes for raw materials to produce biocomposites. This article reviews environmental issues and characterizes selected waste materials from the agri-food, mineral, and industrial sectors with specific properties that can be used as valuable secondary raw materials to produce traditional cements and biocomposite materials, while maintaining or improving their mechanical properties and applications.

The agreement of the round table signed on April 5, 1989, resulted in the creation of the government of Tadeusz Mazowiecki (September 12, 1989) and the end of communist rule in Poland. However, it should be pointed out that the agreement of the round table is currently often criticized. It is claimed, among other things, that the agreement was a form of "unification of the elite" (the term Jack Kuroń) to obtain financial and political benefits. As a result, the mixed communist-solidarity elite has taken over power in the country, guided solely by their own interests. It is also stressed that the contract has enabled the Communists to retain enormous influence in the special services, state administration, various institutions, the economy, and finance. On the other hand, these irregularities have been attributed to the solidarity elites who consider the round table agreements to be persistent. Other parts of the solidarity elite treated the round table exclusively as tactical action to take power away from the Communists.