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Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- CONTENTS -- Dedication -- Abbreviations -- Preface -- Introduction -- PART ONE Means and Methods of Naval Warfare -- 1 THE LEGALITY OF WAR ZONES -- I Introduction -- II The record of lawlessness: from the Lusitania to the Iranian Airbus -- III War zones and the dearth of legal codification -- IV War zones in legal thinking: the views of writers -- V On the elusive criterion of reasonableness -- VI Concluding remarks -- 2 LEGAL ASPECTS OF MINE WARFARE -- I Introduction -- II The mine strategy in historical perspective -- III Drafting rules for the mine trap: too long for too little -- IV Mine warfare in international jurisprudence and doctrinal writings -- V Progressing technology and static law: the missing interaction -- VI Concluding remarks -- 3 RUSES AND PERFIDY AT SEA -- I Introduction -- II Of Q-ships and secret raiders: World War practices revisited -- III The perennial debate on how to tell a ruse from perfidy -- IV The legal theory at sea: the doctrinal discussion -- V Chivalry in the electronic age: how far immaterial? -- VI Concluding remarks -- PART TWO Belligerent Interference with Neutral Property at Sea -- 4 THE NOTION OF MARITIME NEUTRALITY -- I Introduction -- II Uncertain origins and tardy evolution of the concept of neutrality -- III The theory and practice of neutral conduct at sea in the twentieth century -- IV New challenges, old values: collective security versus neutrality -- V Concluding remarks -- 5 THE THEORY OF ABSOLUTE CONTRABAND -- I Introduction -- II The legal and factual parameters of the issue -- III Arms sales and the delusion of international control -- IV From neutrality to non-belligerency: the American paradigm -- V Trading arms in the 1980s: between euphoria and reality -- VI The threshold of abstention: the law in the books

AbstractIn June 2022, the International Labour Organization (ILO) decided to amend the 1998 Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work in order to include the right to a safe and healthy working environment among the core labour rights to which member States are committed by virtue of their membership. The amendment marks the successful completion of three years of negotiations initiated in response to the 2019 Centenary Declaration by which the ILO's tripartite constituency recognized that safe and healthy working conditions were fundamental to decent work. Adding occupational safety and health as a fifth pillar to the 1998 Declaration was generally welcomed as a commendable development although critics may still assert that as a soft law instrument the amended Declaration may not have decisive impact on workplace safety and health globally. Despite broad agreement about the timeliness and importance of recognizing occupational safety and health as a fundamental workers' right—especially in light of the pandemic experience—concerns were raised about the possible implications of the amended Declaration on existing trade agreements, and in particular whether it would create, directly or indirectly, new obligations for member States. This article looks into the origins and negotiating history of the amendment to the 1998 Declaration and addresses the scope and legal effect of a saving clause by which the Conference sought to ensure that the amended Declaration would not impact obligations and commitments of States set out in labour provisions of free trade agreements currently in force and would not be subject to dynamic interpretation in the context of a trade dispute.

First Published in 1998. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.