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Over the last decades the information technologies increasingly penetrate into the military sphere, which is accompanied by the evolution of weapon systems and military control. This paper describes the use of information technologies by the armed forces to carry out combat operations, management, material and technical support, logistics and communications. Information technology plays an integ?ating role, which reached a basic level that is the data level. The article emphasizes the importance and outlines the challenges associated with enhancing the efficiency of information technology, as well as identifies the key factors to ensure such efficiency. Different areas of information technology progress in the military sphere are related to the processing of the large amounts of data. From this perspective, the paper justifies the necessity to introduce new data structures to be developed based on the system-semiotic paradigm. ; За последние десятилетия информационные технологии все больше проникают в военную сферу, что сопровождается эволюцией систем вооружения и военного управления. В статье охарактеризовано применение информационных технологий вооруженными силами для осуществления боевых действий, управления, материально-технического обеспечения, логистики и связи. Информационные технологии выполняют интегрирующую роль, которая вышла на базовый уровень, каким есть уровень данных. Акцентировано внимание на важности и проблемах повышения эффективности информационных технологий, а также определены ключевые факторы ее обеспечения. Различные направления прогресса информационных технологий в военных сферах связанны с обработкой больших объемов данных. Учитывая это, обоснована необходимость внедрения новых структур данных, разработка которых основана на системно-семиотической парадигме. ; За останні десятиліття інформаційні технології все більше проникають у військову сферу, що супроводжується еволюцію систем озброєння та військового управління. У статті охарактеризовано застосування інформаційних технологій збройними силами для здійснення бойових дій, управління, матеріально-технічного забезпечення, логістики і зв'язку. Інформаційні технології виконують інтегруючу роль, що вийшла на засадничий рівень, яким є рівень даних. Акцентовано увагу на важливості і проблемах підвищення ефективності інформаційних технологій, а також визначено ключові фактори її забезпечення. Різноманітні напрями прогресу інформаційних технологій у військових сферах пов'язані з обробкою великих обсягів даних. З огляду на це обґрунтовано необхідність запровадження нових структур даних, розробка яких заснована на системно-семіотичній парадигмі.

The monitoring of tropospheric ozone in world science has recently received considerable attention since ozone in the troposphere is both a greenhouse and a pollutant gas. It also plays an important role in various chemical and photochemical processes. Ground-based measurements can be used to assess the quality and to validate satellite measurements of the global ozone distribution. The time series of ozone tropospheric columns in the 0-8 km layer derived from spectral measurements of the IASI satellite instrument using two different algorithms (IASI_LATMOS and IASI_LISA), as well as from joint measurements by the IASI and GOME-2 instruments (IASI-GOME2) were compared to ground-based measurements using the Bruker IFS 125HR Fourier spectrometer at the NDACC St. Petersburg site for 2009–2021. IASI_LISA and IASI-GOME2 on average overestimate ground-based ozone measurements by 9.8 and 5.1%, respectively, while there is no bias between the IASI_LATMOS and FTIR data. The standard deviations of the differences between ground measurements and the IASI_LISA and IASI_LATMOS data do not exceed 12–13%; for the IASI-GOME2 data they are 24.5%. Ground-based and satellite measurements agree better in spring and summer. Ground-based and IASI_LATMOS demonstrate a statistically significant negative trend in the ozone columns in the 0–8 km layer in the vicinity of St. Petersburg for the period 2012–2021, amounting to –0.71 ± 0.35% per year and –0.60 ± 0.21% per year, respectively.

Tropospheric ozone (TO) is one of the major greenhouse gases and a toxic air pollutant. It plays a key role in various chemical and photochemical processes in the troposphere. Ozone concentrations both at surface level and in free troposphere are measured by various local and remote-sensing methods. The SPBU observational site in Peterhof (NDACC site St. Petersburg) is equipped with the Bruker IFS 125HR Fourier spectrometer used for TO measurements and the Thermo Scientific Model 49i gas analyzer for monitoring surface ozone concentrations (SOC). The temporal variability of TO in the 0–8 km layer for the period from April 2009 to October 2022 and of SOC for the period from 2013 to 2021 has been analyzed. Seasonal cycle of TO and SOC is similar to that of total ozone columns, but it is shifted in time by about 1 and 1.5 months, respectively. The maximum variation of TO from the average value for the period falls on the first half of April ~+16%; a minimum of about –(12–14)% is observed from mid-October to the end of December. In the middle of summer, there is also a slight increase in the TO variation at the level of +(7–8)%. A statistically significant decrease in the TO content by 0.34 ± 0.22% per year was also obtained. Comparison of hourly averaged data on TO with synchronized data of SOC measurements revealed an increase in the correlation coefficient (up to 0.5 or more) between the two values 3–4 hours after local noon in the warm season, accompanied by an increase in SOC. The increase in correlations is in good agreement with the increase in the height of the planet boundary layer.

Purpose. The improvement of mechanism of government control of safety is determined by the necessity of perfection of legislative base in relation to stimulation of measures of reduction of risks of origin of emergencies, increases of demand to the safety measures at objective level and efficiency of work of organs of state supervision and requires updating of ways in the questions of declaration of safety of dangerous of objects. Methodology. Methodologies of ground of categories of objects of enhanceable danger, determination of mechanism of the passport system, authentication, declaration of safety of dangerous objects are offered. Findings. It is set that reduction to the amount and minimization of socio-economic consequences of the emergencies of technogenic or natural origin, provoked by anthropogenic activity on potentially-dangerous objects is impossible without the input of modern mechanisms of government control in the field of management of risks on the objects of enhanceable danger. Plenitude of examination of objects of enhanceable danger for establishment of class of their danger is determined by not only establishment of accordance to the norms of the threshold masses of present on them hazardous substances and by the state of technogenic objects but also evaluation of risk level, validity and sufficientness of his acceptable levels. Perfection of government control of safety of objects of enhanceable danger is offered by facilities of development of Declaration by the all-round evaluation of risk of origin of accident and consequences providing of plenitude of research of degree of danger and validity of sufficientness of acceptable levels of risk related to her. Originality. Offered complex going near the ground of features of such economic mechanism of adjusting in the field of safety as declaration of safety of dangerous of objects. Practical value. Introduction of ground of categories of objects of enhanceable danger, features of their passport system, authentication and mechanism of ...

Atmospheric nitric acid (HNO3) has a significant impact on the formation of the ozone layer; therefore, its content is regularly monitored using various local and remote-sensing methods. We used ground-based measurements of solar IR spectra with a Bruker 125HR Fourier spectrometer to derive information on the HNO3 content at the St.Petersburg observational NDACC site in Peterhof. The HNO3 time series obtained showed a pronounced seasonal cycle with a maximum in winter and early spring and a minimum in summer and early autumn. The averaged seasonal variations in nitric acid varied from –30 to +60% for the 0–15 km layer, from –25 to +25% for the 15–50 km layer, and from –25 to +30% for total columns. For 2009–2022 measurement period, no statistically significant trend was found in the time series considered. Comparison of HNO3 stratospheric columns with independent satellite measurements by the MLS and ACE-FTS instruments showed their qualitative and quantitative agreement; the correlation coefficient between ground-based and satellite measurements totals 0.88–0.93. Time series on the vertical structure of the atmospheric nitric acid measured at the St.Petersburg site can be used both to analyze the state of the ozonosphere and to validate satellite measurements and refine the parameters of atmospheric models.

Addressing the phenomenon of Russian rock, the authors proceed from the theoretical assumptions that the process of "disenchantment" (M. Weber), which began in the new European world in the 16th century and is still going on, has led to the inescapable domination of the logic of ordinary sensus communis or common sense in it, which has betrayed the sacred and is rooted in the structures of everyday life. One of the very few domains that exist on grounds other than common sense is the world of rock music. This is the point of view from which the article analyzes Russian rock. The authors show that the otherness of the worlds of Russian rock music is established by musicians in various ways. The article explicates what symbolic resources are used for their establishment and assembly. These are Buddhist symbols ("Aquarium"), and images of the ancient Egyptian and Medieval worlds ("Piknik"), and the grotesque and paradoxical poetics of the OBERIU members ("AuktYon"), and the tradition of alchemy ("Orgia Pravednikov"). The article reveals that the overall otherness of Russian rock can be clarified by the concept of carnival modification by M.M. Bakhtin, who wrote that over time, the carnival would move from the square to the symbolic dimension of culture. One of these manifestations of carnivality in the cultural and symbolic dimension of the world is Russian rock, where everything is built on a game that unfolds on the other side of the "common sense-feeling" with its inherent monologism and absolute indifference to the experience of a unique "I". In general, the game element serves in Russian rock for questioning the values of the mass world, their problematization. It is also important that Russian rock manages to develop its own special language of symbols to express the carnival worldview. This article discusses those of them that cast the position of "here-being" "I" and value orientations of the authors of Russian rock poetry: the mortal or macabre symbolism, the kingdom or tsardom, the images of zoomorphic and ornithomorphic creatures, and the carnival itself as a symbol of otherness and freedom. By abolishing social givens, predicates and assignments, rock music attacks the "I" form as a "package" of the self, produced by a certain subject positionality, and the "I" is drawn into the game of both "I" forms and subject positionalities. This inevitably leads to a "re-evaluation of the value" and "I" form, and subject positionality — renewal of the perspective of vision of the "world" and yourself in it — behind which stands "the acquisition of a new spiritual state" (W. Benjamin). Russian rock is puzzled by the search for a way of spiritual transformation, transformation of the "I", and this is why it is valuable for us.

In this article, the author analyzes the contraposition between infantile consciousness and «heroic art» used by Merab Mamardashvili. Examining the phenomenon of infantile consciousness, the author discovers a number of principles underlying it. Studying how these principles give rise to areas of absent life experience (from the side of thinking or from the side of feeling), the author indicates how another principle grows out of it — the «unknowability of being» or «demonization of being». Under such conditions, a person performs an evaluation procedure instead of stating the inconceivability of a situation and the self-determination procedure (the inconceivability of a situation is evaluated negatively and is fixed in thinking in this way). Using these conclusions, the author describes a situation in which «heroism» is understood as something alien to the meanings Mamardashvili endowed the «heroic art» idea with. The alienness shows itself in the way «heroism» is expressed as defense against the «unknowability of being». The author draws attention to the principle of ratio, important to Merab Mamardashvili, which consists in maintaining the final apodictic form between the two poles — the unknowable in sensory experience and the unknowable in thinking. With the help of this principle, the meaning of Mamardashvili's statements about «heroic art» is clarified.

The results of studying spatial-temporal CO2 variations near St. Petersburg during 2014–2017 based on satellite measurements (OSO-2 satellite), ground-based spectroscopic and local measurements are presented. According to satellite data the full amplitude of the spatial-temporal variations for the average CO2 mixing ratio (XCO2) amounted to 57.7 ppm (over 14%). The maximal XCO2 spatial variations during one day of observations (17.03.2015) were 46.8 ppm (more than 10%). Comparison of CO2 satellite and ground-based spectroscopic measurements has shown that ground-based measurements in the NDACC observing system after correction of systematic differences from the TCCON system can be used for validation of satellite measurements. Ground-based local measurements of the near-surface CO2 mixing ratio at Peterhof do not correlate with either spectroscopic ground-based or satellite measurements due to both mesoscale CO2 variations and significantly different spatial averaging kernels of direct and remote measurements.