Suchergebnisse

The events that unfurled in Egypt in the summer of 2013 - the army's ousting of President Mursi and the wave of crackdowns on the Muslim Brotherhood - are far-reaching. Has the comeback of the military, along with many other stalwarts of the old regime, sealed the fate of the Egyptian Spring? Or is it merely a blip in the transition to democracy, which needs time to bed in? Either way, the solid show of confidence by the new masters of Egypt has made a good impression in business circles... but the euphoria might be short-lived. Labor unrest and public protest, a backlash against the political crackdowns or even a wave of terrorism could easily halt any recovery in its tracks - especially since a fairer redistribution of wealth seems incompatible with the continuing control of the economy by the army, which recently strengthened its grip on the country. It goes to show that for all the hopes raised by the Arab Springs, any prospect of genuine democracy in Egypt looks distant. Adapted from the source document.

The root causes of the Egyptian revolution are shared throughout the Arab world: declining living standards among the middle classes; deepening social gaps; the ruling party's overstay in power; a generation of disaffected, unemployed youth; and an overall sense of injustice heightened by widespread corruption. Other factors are more specific to Egypt, especially the army's preponderant role in state institutions. Yet for some time already the military had had its doubts regarding the ability of Gamal Mubarak -- who had been designated by his father as his successor -- to maintain law and order. Worse, Mubarak's quest to open up and modernize the economy clashed directly with the financial interests of the army, which controls entire sectors of the economy. It is this dual fear that prompted senior military officials to take advantage of the popular unrest in order to regain control. What does the army intend to do with such absolute power? The general elections scheduled for September should throw some light on the question. Adapted from the source document.

Engaged in a process of economic reform, Egypt is preparing President Mubarak's succession. The President is setting up a system in favor of his son, who is seen as his heir. But the "young guard" of the National Democratic Party (NDP), led by Gamal Mubarak, does not have the same vision of politics as the older generation. The vote-catching practices-the NDP's essential purpose & the basis of the regime at the time of Welfare State-are confronted with the logic of free market economy. Although a relative cohesion is, for the moment, imposed by Hosni Mubarak, the conflicts are manifest. Adapted from the source document.

Résumé L'échéance de la succession se profile en Égypte, dans le contexte d'une réforme, dans les faits limitée à la libéralisation économique. L'influence de Gamal Moubarak s'exprime dans un renouvellement des cadres du régime, et au premier chef dans le contrôle du Parti national démocratique, cœur de la vie politique égyptienne. Le congrès de 2006 du PND a marqué une étape dans l'ascension du fils du président, tout en mettant en relief des lignes de clivage au sein de l'appareil.

Events are accelerating in Egypt. Since 1981, the country has been stalled under the iron rule of the seemingly indestructible Hosni Mubarak. But this year, under pressure from his American allies & also from an ever-growing & diversified domestic opposition, the Egyptian president organized for the first time ever a presidential election with multiple candidates. The election was preceded by a more open political policy -- relatively speaking -- which allowed the holding of demonstrations & publication of articles against the regime. Mubarak hopes that this will show him in a moderniz light & give him a certain legitimacy. But although he won almost 90 percent of the votes, the very weak turn-out marked the failure of this initiative. In the eyes of the people, he is no more legitimate than before, & the opposition, which had called for a boycott of the elections, can now hope to stop Mubarak handing over the reins to his son Gamal. Will the aging leader now "tighten the screws," or will he continue along the path of democratic reform? Adapted from the source document.

Examines the Jerusalem question in context of peace negotiations between Israel and the PLO; historical background, Israeli, Palestinian Arab, regional, and international views, and policy options. Summaries in English and Spanish p. 465 and 479.