Suchergebnisse

Die große Mehrzahl der Emissionspfade, die die globale Erwärmung entsprechend des Paris-Abkommens beschränken, geht von einem großskaligen Einsatz von Maßnahmen zur CO2-Entnahme mit anschließender langfristiger Speicherung aus (»Carbon Dioxide Removal«, CDR). Hierbei werden vor allem Maßnahmen unter Einsatz terrestrischer Vegetation, wie Aufforstung oder Biokohle, diskutiert. Zusammen mit Emissionsreduktionen aus dem Landnutzungsbereich könnten sie vermutlich etwa 30% des benötigten Potentials für das 1,5°C-Ziel liefern. Allerdings werden in Abschätzungen der Gesamtklimawirkung politisch derzeit die biogeophysikalischen Nebeneffekte (z. B. veränderte Albedo und Energieflüsse) vernachlässigt, obwohl Landnutzungspraktiken lokale Temperaturen um mehrere Grad verändern können. Beispielsweise führt die Aufforstung in nördlichen Breiten typisch zu einer Erhöhung der Oberflächenrauigkeit, die die lokalen Temperaturen erhöht, wohingegen die erhöhte Transpiration und Rauigkeit auf aufgeforsteten Flächen besonders in den Tropen die lokalen Temperaturen senkt und somit zur lokalen Anpassung an den Klimawandel beitragen kann. Landnutzungspraktiken verändern die Wasser- und Energiebilanz aber auch substanziell über die Region hinaus. Diese nicht-lokalen Effekte können zwar nicht direkt von Beobachtungsdaten erfasst werden, sind aber von Klimamodellen darstellbar. Achtsamkeit ist nötig, um lokale und nicht-lokale biogeophysikalische Effekte gegeneinander und gegen das CDR-Potential einer Maßnahme abzuwägen und idealerweise Win-win-Situationen zu schaffen. Local and far-reaching effects on climate of reforestation/afforestation and other land use-based climate protection measures: The vast majority of emission pathways limiting global warming according to the Paris Agreement assumes large-scale deployment of methods for CO2 removal with long-term storage (»Carbon Dioxide Removal«, CDR). Especially methods using terrestrial vegetation, such as reforestation or biochar, are discussed as viable CDR options. Together with emission reductions from land use, they could likely provide about 30% of the required potential for the 1.5°C target. However, estimates of overall climate impacts used in policy currently neglect biogeophysical side effects (e.g., altered albedo and energy fluxes), even though land-use practices can alter local temperatures by several degrees. For example, afforestation in northern latitudes typically increases surface roughness, which increases local temperatures, whereas increased transpiration and roughness on afforested land in particular in the tropics lowers local temperatures and thus can contribute to local adaptation to climate change. However, land-use practices also substantially alter water and energy balances beyond the region. While these non-local effects cannot be directly captured by observational data, they can be represented by climate models. Attention is needed to balance local and non-local biogeophysical effects against each other and against the CDR potential of a method, to ideally create win-win situations. Efectos climáticos locales y de largo alcance de la forestación/reforestación y otras medidas de uso de la tierra para la protección del clima: La gran mayoría de las rutas de emisión que limitan el calentamiento global de acuerdo con el Acuerdo de París asumen un uso a gran escala de medidas para la remoción de CO2 con el subsiguiente largo almacenamiento a largo plazo (»Eliminación de dióxido de carbono«, CDR). Sobre todo, se discuten las medidas que utilizan vegetación terrestre, como la forestación o el biocarbón. Junto con las reducciones de emisiones derivadas del uso de la tierra, presumiblemente podrían generar alrededor del 30% del potencial requerido para el objetivo de 1.5° C. Sin embargo, en las evaluaciones del impacto climático general, los efectos colaterales biogeofísicos (por ejemplo, cambios en el albedo y los flujos de energía) actualmente se descuidan políticamente, aunque las prácticas de uso de la tierra pueden cambiar las temperaturas locales en varios grados. Por ejemplo, la forestación en latitudes septentrionales generalmente conduce a un aumento de la rugosidad de la superficie, lo que aumenta las temperaturas locales, mientras que el aumento de la transpiración y la rugosidad en las áreas forestadas, especialmente en los trópicos, reduce las temperaturas locales y, por lo tanto, puede contribuir a la adaptación local al cambio climático. Las prácticas de uso de la tierra también cambian sustancialmente el equilibrio hídrico y energético más allá de la región. Estos efectos no locales no pueden registrarse directamente a partir de los datos de observación, pero pueden representarse mediante modelos climáticos. La atención plena es necesaria para sopesar los efectos biogeofísicos locales y no locales entre sí y contra el potencial de CDR de una medida e idealmente para crear situaciones de beneficio mutuo.

Live woody vegetation is the largest reservoir of biomass carbon, with its restoration considered one of the most effective natural climate solutions. However, terrestrial carbon fluxes remain the largest uncertainty in the global carbon cycle. Here, we develop spatially explicit estimates of carbon stock changes of live woody biomass from 2000 to 2019 using measurements from ground, air, and space. We show that live biomass has removed 4.9 to 5.5 PgC year −1 from the atmosphere, offsetting 4.6 ± 0.1 PgC year −1 of gross emissions from disturbances and adding substantially (0.23 to 0.88 PgC year −1 ) to the global carbon stocks. Gross emissions and removals in the tropics were four times larger than temperate and boreal ecosystems combined. Although live biomass is responsible for more than 80% of gross terrestrial fluxes, soil, dead organic matter, and lateral transport may play important roles in terrestrial carbon sink ; This study was funded by NASA Interdisciplinary Science Program (NNH16ZDA001N-IDS). M.L. and Y. Yang have been supported by the NASA Postdoctoral Program, administered by Universities Space Research Association under contract with NASA.G.-J.N. was supported by the European Union H2020-VERIFY project (776810).

International audience ; Emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and removals from land, including both anthropogenic and natural fluxes, require reliable quantification, including estimates of uncertainties, to support credible mitigation action under the Paris Agreement. This study provides a state-of-the-art scientific overview of bottom-up anthro-pogenic emissions data from agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) in the European Union (EU28 1). The data integrate recent AFOLU emission inventories with ecosystem data and land carbon models and summarize GHG emissions and removals over the period 1990-2016. This compilation of bottom-up estimates of the AFOLU GHG emissions of European national greenhouse gas inventories (NGHGIs), with those of land carbon models and observation-based estimates of large-scale GHG fluxes, aims at improving the overall estimates of the GHG balance in Europe with respect to land GHG emissions and removals. Whenever available, we present uncertainties, its propagation and role in the comparison of different estimates. While NGHGI data for the EU28 provide consistent quantification of uncertainty following the established IPCC Guidelines, uncertainty in the estimates produced with other methods needs to account for both within model uncertainty and the spread from different model results. The largest inconsistencies between EU28 estimates are mainly due to different sources of data related to human activity, referred to here as activity data (AD) and methodologies (tiers) used for calculating emissions and removals from AFOLU sectors. The referenced datasets related to figures are visualized at https://doi.org/10.

International audience ; Emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and removals from land, including both anthropogenic and natural fluxes, require reliable quantification, including estimates of uncertainties, to support credible mitigation action under the Paris Agreement. This study provides a state-of-the-art scientific overview of bottom-up anthro-pogenic emissions data from agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) in the European Union (EU28 1). The data integrate recent AFOLU emission inventories with ecosystem data and land carbon models and summarize GHG emissions and removals over the period 1990-2016. This compilation of bottom-up estimates of the AFOLU GHG emissions of European national greenhouse gas inventories (NGHGIs), with those of land carbon models and observation-based estimates of large-scale GHG fluxes, aims at improving the overall estimates of the GHG balance in Europe with respect to land GHG emissions and removals. Whenever available, we present uncertainties, its propagation and role in the comparison of different estimates. While NGHGI data for the EU28 provide consistent quantification of uncertainty following the established IPCC Guidelines, uncertainty in the estimates produced with other methods needs to account for both within model uncertainty and the spread from different model results. The largest inconsistencies between EU28 estimates are mainly due to different sources of data related to human activity, referred to here as activity data (AD) and methodologies (tiers) used for calculating emissions and removals from AFOLU sectors. The referenced datasets related to figures are visualized at https://doi.org/10.

International audience ; Emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and removals from land, including both anthropogenic and natural fluxes, require reliable quantification, including estimates of uncertainties, to support credible mitigation action under the Paris Agreement. This study provides a state-of-the-art scientific overview of bottom-up anthro-pogenic emissions data from agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) in the European Union (EU28 1). The data integrate recent AFOLU emission inventories with ecosystem data and land carbon models and summarize GHG emissions and removals over the period 1990-2016. This compilation of bottom-up estimates of the AFOLU GHG emissions of European national greenhouse gas inventories (NGHGIs), with those of land carbon models and observation-based estimates of large-scale GHG fluxes, aims at improving the overall estimates of the GHG balance in Europe with respect to land GHG emissions and removals. Whenever available, we present uncertainties, its propagation and role in the comparison of different estimates. While NGHGI data for the EU28 provide consistent quantification of uncertainty following the established IPCC Guidelines, uncertainty in the estimates produced with other methods needs to account for both within model uncertainty and the spread from different model results. The largest inconsistencies between EU28 estimates are mainly due to different sources of data related to human activity, referred to here as activity data (AD) and methodologies (tiers) used for calculating emissions and removals from AFOLU sectors. The referenced datasets related to figures are visualized at https://doi.org/10.

International audience ; Emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and removals from land, including both anthropogenic and natural fluxes, require reliable quantification, including estimates of uncertainties, to support credible mitigation action under the Paris Agreement. This study provides a state-of-the-art scientific overview of bottom-up anthro-pogenic emissions data from agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) in the European Union (EU28 1). The data integrate recent AFOLU emission inventories with ecosystem data and land carbon models and summarize GHG emissions and removals over the period 1990-2016. This compilation of bottom-up estimates of the AFOLU GHG emissions of European national greenhouse gas inventories (NGHGIs), with those of land carbon models and observation-based estimates of large-scale GHG fluxes, aims at improving the overall estimates of the GHG balance in Europe with respect to land GHG emissions and removals. Whenever available, we present uncertainties, its propagation and role in the comparison of different estimates. While NGHGI data for the EU28 provide consistent quantification of uncertainty following the established IPCC Guidelines, uncertainty in the estimates produced with other methods needs to account for both within model uncertainty and the spread from different model results. The largest inconsistencies between EU28 estimates are mainly due to different sources of data related to human activity, referred to here as activity data (AD) and methodologies (tiers) used for calculating emissions and removals from AFOLU sectors. The referenced datasets related to figures are visualized at https://doi.org/10.

International audience ; Emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and removals from land, including both anthropogenic and natural fluxes, require reliable quantification, including estimates of uncertainties, to support credible mitigation action under the Paris Agreement. This study provides a state-of-the-art scientific overview of bottom-up anthro-pogenic emissions data from agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) in the European Union (EU28 1). The data integrate recent AFOLU emission inventories with ecosystem data and land carbon models and summarize GHG emissions and removals over the period 1990-2016. This compilation of bottom-up estimates of the AFOLU GHG emissions of European national greenhouse gas inventories (NGHGIs), with those of land carbon models and observation-based estimates of large-scale GHG fluxes, aims at improving the overall estimates of the GHG balance in Europe with respect to land GHG emissions and removals. Whenever available, we present uncertainties, its propagation and role in the comparison of different estimates. While NGHGI data for the EU28 provide consistent quantification of uncertainty following the established IPCC Guidelines, uncertainty in the estimates produced with other methods needs to account for both within model uncertainty and the spread from different model results. The largest inconsistencies between EU28 estimates are mainly due to different sources of data related to human activity, referred to here as activity data (AD) and methodologies (tiers) used for calculating emissions and removals from AFOLU sectors. The referenced datasets related to figures are visualized at https://doi.org/10.

Emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and removals from land, including both anthropogenic and natural fluxes, require reliable quantification, including estimates of uncertainties, to support credible mitigation action under the Paris Agreement. This study provides a state-of-the-art scientific overview of bottom-up anthropogenic emissions data from agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) in the European Union (EU281). The data integrate recent AFOLU emission inventories with ecosystem data and land carbon models and summarize GHG emissions and removals over the period 1990–2016. This compilation of bottom-up estimates of the AFOLU GHG emissions of European national greenhouse gas inventories (NGHGIs), with those of land carbon models and observation-based estimates of large-scale GHG fluxes, aims at improving the overall estimates of the GHG balance in Europe with respect to land GHG emissions and removals. Whenever available, we present uncertainties, its propagation and role in the comparison of different estimates. While NGHGI data for the EU28 provide consistent quantification of uncertainty following the established IPCC Guidelines, uncertainty in the estimates produced with other methods needs to account for both within model uncertainty and the spread from different model results. The largest inconsistencies between EU28 estimates are mainly due to different sources of data related to human activity, referred to here as activity data (AD) and methodologies (tiers) used for calculating emissions and removals from AFOLU sectors. The referenced datasets related to figures are visualized at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3662371 (Petrescu et al., 2020). ; publishedVersion

Emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and removals from land, including both anthropogenic and natural fluxes, require reliable quantification, including estimates of uncertainties, to support credible mitigation action under the Paris Agreement. This study provides a state-of-the-art scientific overview of bottom-up anthropogenic emissions data from agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) in the European Union (EU28 1 ). The data integrate recent AFOLU emission inventories with ecosystem data and land carbon models and summarize GHG emissions and removals over the period 1990-2016. This compilation of bottom-up estimates of the AFOLU GHG emissions of European national greenhouse gas inventories (NGHGIs), with those of land carbon models and observation-based estimates of large-scale GHG fluxes, aims at improving the overall estimates of the GHG balance in Europe with respect to land GHG emissions and removals. Whenever available, we present uncertainties, its propagation and role in the comparison of different estimates. While NGHGI data for the EU28 provide consistent quantification of uncertainty following the established IPCC Guidelines, uncertainty in the estimates produced with other methods needs to account for both within model uncertainty and the spread from different model results. The largest inconsistencies between EU28 estimates are mainly due to different sources of data related to human activity, referred to here as activity data (AD) and methodologies (tiers) used for calculating emissions and removals from AFOLU sectors. The referenced datasets related to figures are visualized at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3662371 (Petrescu et al., 2020).

Emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and removals from land, including both anthropogenic and natural fluxes, require reliable quantification, including estimates of uncertainties, to support credible mitigation action under the Paris Agreement. This study provides a state-of-the-art scientific overview of bottom-up anthropogenic emissions data from agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) in the European Union (EU28 1 ). The data integrate recent AFOLU emission inventories with ecosystem data and land carbon models and summarize GHG emissions and removals over the period 1990–2016. This compilation of bottom-up estimates of the AFOLU GHG emissions of European national greenhouse gas inventories (NGHGIs), with those of land carbon models and observation-based estimates of large-scale GHG fluxes, aims at improving the overall estimates of the GHG balance in Europe with respect to land GHG emissions and removals. Whenever available, we present uncertainties, its propagation and role in the comparison of different estimates. While NGHGI data for the EU28 provide consistent quantification of uncertainty following the established IPCC Guidelines, uncertainty in the estimates produced with other methods needs to account for both within model uncertainty and the spread from different model results. The largest inconsistencies between EU28 estimates are mainly due to different sources of data related to human activity, referred to here as activity data (AD) and methodologies (tiers) used for calculating emissions and removals from AFOLU sectors. The referenced datasets related to figures are visualized at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3662371 (Petrescu et al., 2020).