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The author examines the nexus between Europeanization and conflict resolution through the prism of the Transnistria conflict in Moldova. The paper begins with a theoretical account of the conditions under which Europeanization may contribute to conflict resolution. Then the paper addresses the issue of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) as a possible framework for Europeanization. Moldova's attitude towards the policy and a critical assessment of ENP is made, as well as how the debates on the European integration of Moldova have shaped the debates on conflict resolution. The nature of the Europeanization mechanisms of conditionality, social learning and lesson drawing are analyzed from the perspective of their relevance for Moldova in general, and for conflict resolution in Transnistria in particular. (ECMI)

Part I: Russia in the Middle East: From the Soviet Union to Putin -- Chapter 1: The Soviet Union in the Middle East: An Overview Florence Gaub, Nicu Popescu, Dimitar Bechev -- Chapter 2: What Drives Russia's Policy in the Middle East? Dmitri Trenin, Carnegie Moscow Part II: Russian Policy in Action -- Chapter 3: Russia in Syria: A Military Analysis Anton Lavrov, Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies (CAST), Moscow -- Chapter 4: The Non-War on Daesh Florence Gaub, EUISS -- Chapter 5: Russian Arms Exports in the Middle East Timofey Borisov, Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies (CAST), Moscow -- Chapter 6: Russia's Energy Diplomacy in the Middle East Carole Nakhle, Crystol Energy Part III: Regional Partnerships -- Chapter 7: Russia and Iran: It's Complicated Carol R. Saivetz, Massachusetts Institute of Technology -- Chapter 8: Russia and the 'Resistance Axis' Julien Barnes-Dacey, ECFR -- Chapter 9: Russia and Turkey: the Promise and the Limits of Partnership Dimitar Bechev, University of North Carolina/Atlantic Council -- Chapter 10: Understanding Russia-Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) relations Dmitriy Frolovskiy, independent expert -- Chapter 11: Russia and Egypt: Precarious Honeymoon Alexey Khlebnikov, Russian International Affairs Council -- Chapter 12: The 'Comrades' in the Maghreb Dalia Ghanem, Carnegie Middle East Centre, Beirut -- Chapter 13: Russia and Israel: An Improbable Friendship Mark N. Katz, George Mason University Conclusion: Russia in the Middle East and North Africa: A Balance Sheet Stanislav Secrieru, Dimitar Bechev.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Illustrations -- Contributors -- 1 Introduction -- Part I Russia in the Middle East: From the Soviet Union to Putin -- 2 The Soviet Union in the Middle East: An Overview (Dimitar Bechev, Florence Gaub, and Nicu Popescu) -- 3 What Drives Russia's Policy in the Middle East? (Dmitri Trenin) -- Part II Russian Policy in Action -- 4 Russia in Syria: A Military Analysis (Anton Lavrov) -- 5 The Nonwar on Daesh (Florence Gaub) -- 6 Russian Arms Exports in the Middle East (Timofey Borisov) -- 7 Russia's Energy Diplomacy in the Middle East (Carole Nakhle) -- Part III Regional Partnerships -- 8 Russia and Iran: It's Complicated (Carol R. Saivetz) -- 9 Russia and the "Resistance Axis" (Julien Barnes-Dacey) -- 10 Russia and Turkey: The Promise and the Limits of Partnership (Dimitar Bechev) -- 11 Understanding Russia-GCC Relations (Dmitriy Frolovskiy) -- 12 Russia and Egypt: A Precarious Honeymoon (Alexey Khlebnikov) -- 13 The "Comrades" in the Maghreb (Dalia Ghanem) -- 14 Russia and Israel: An Improbable Friendship (Mark N. Katz) -- 15 Russia in the Middle East and North Africa: A Balance Sheet (Dimitar Bechev, Nicu Popescu, and Stanislav Secrieru) -- Notes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Soviet Union in the Middle East: An Overview -- 3 What Drives Russia's Policy in the Middle East? -- 4 Russia in Syria: A Military Analysis -- 5 The Nonwar on Daesh -- 6 Russian Arms Exports in the Middle East -- 7 Russia's Energy Diplomacy in the Middle East -- 8 Russia and Iran: It's Complicated -- 9 Russia and the "Resistance Axis" -- 10 Russia and Turkey: The Promise and the Limits of Partnership -- 11 Understanding Russia-GCC Relations -- 12 Russia and Egypt: A Precarious Honeymoon -- 13 The "Comrades" in the Maghreb -- 14 Russia and Israel: An Improbable Friendship.

New democracies are uniquely positioned to promote democratic values and have a competitive advantage in the global democracy assistance industry. This book examines the attempts of one group of young democracies, from Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), to channel this pro-democracy agenda into both national and European foreign policy and development support. It looks at how CEE is 'upstream' changing the EU on crucial policy issues as part of the common foreign and security policy. Furthermore, it tracks the process whereby imported ideas and norms are recycled for further export 'downstream', and how these concepts are received in countries outside of the EU including the post-Soviet space, the Western Balkans, the Middle East and North Africa region and Central Asia.--

La guerre en Ukraine et la recrudescence des tensions avec la Russie ont posé la question de savoir si la Politique européenne de voisinage n'avait pas échoué. Les réponses tranchées ne rendent pas compte de la complexité de la région. L'approche européenne a fonctionné dans certains pays et échoué dans d'autres ; elle a produit des résultats dans certains domaines et pas dans d'autres. Cet article se propose de cartographier les succès et les échecs de la Politique européenne de voisinage. Le bilan est plutôt positif pour ce qui concerne les échanges et la libéralisation des visas. Il est plus mitigé pour ce qui concerne la lutte contre la corruption et la sécurité régionale. La Russie décrit volontiers la militarisation de sa politique régionale comme une réponse opposée au Partenariat oriental, à l'élargissement de l'OTAN et aux interventions militaires occidentales au Kosovo, en Irak, en Libye et en Syrie. Toutefois, l'examen des faits suggère une autre dynamique : les actions militaires russes ont pris de l'ampleur alors même que les pays occidentaux devenaient moins interventionnistes et que l'OTAN renonçait de facto à tout nouvel élargissement après la guerre russo-géorgienne d'août 2008.

The Energy Union Strategy, launched in February 2015, is a vast project aiming at identifying a set of common responses to a series of present and future challenges in the field of energy. The question of energy security occupies a central position in EU's relationships with its neighbours. In this context, economic and political ties with the Russian Federation in its role of major supplier of energy resources to EU member states are of crucial importance. Acquiring a higher degree of independence from the Russian supply of natural gas has been proclaimed as a national priority by several ex-Soviet republics. Moldova, Ukraine and Georgia have recently signed Association Agreements with the EU. We look into the early stages of the implementation of AA's and analyse their consequences on the EU – Russia relations in the energy field. A series of common characteristics and possible developments in the field of energy are analysed.