Suchergebnisse

Although many institutions were involved in the cultural diplomacy of the Romanian communist regime, a very consistent part of the artistic exchanges with the East and the West were mediated by the Union of Artists. This paper would like to highlight the important role the Union played in framing the artistic exchanges with several "capitalist countries" and "popular democracies", by looking at several agreements of collaboration between Unions or similar institutions. More precisely, we will look at the variations regarding the form and the quantity of exchanges that were established through such official documents and which referred mainly to exchanges of persons, informations or exhibitions. We will also look at the way these were organized in practice: the study of the travel reports, informative notes or daily programs that were produced on such occasions shows that these exchanges were systematically surveilled and politically motivated. A preliminary analysis of these allows us to observe the Union's interests regarding the East and the West and suggests that the Romanian Union of Artists contributed to the expansion, the regulation and at the same time the control of the cultural contacts with foreign countries.

This article brings forward an overview of the Romanian-URSS co-productions, in an attempt to explain how film functioned as an instrument of cultural diplomacy between the two countries and between the East and the West. While Romania has been involved in numerous cultural exchanges and in many other forms of cinematographic collaboration with the Soviet Union, this analysis focuses only on the films whose artistic responsibility had been entrusted to a Romanian filmmaker. Five films were thus identified, including a war film made in the 1960s and four musicals and/or films for children and youth made during the 1970s and 1980s. The fact that all of them put music more or less in the foreground appears as no coincidence. This option responded to a strategy oriented towards the Western public, and towards celebrating a Romanian-Soviet friendship cleansed of political tensions. Nevertheless, in a cinematography where politicized films were the main priority, such co-productions played a significant role in the shaping of a popular culture and of a cinema of entertainment.

Cet article décrit le parcours d'un des plus importants réalisateurs roumains de la période communiste, Mircea Daneliuc, son rapport avec la police politique et la censure.

Cet article décrit le parcours d'un des plus importants réalisateurs roumains de la période communiste, Mircea Daneliuc, son rapport avec la police politique et la censure.

Cet article décrit le parcours d'un des plus importants réalisateurs roumains de la période communiste, Mircea Daneliuc, son rapport avec la police politique et la censure.

AbstractPolitical longevity in young democracies has attracted the attention of scholars and practitioners alike due to several particular characteristics of such democracies, such as a low level of trust, a low level of credibility, corruption, economic difficulties, a less well‐established rule of law and an increased bureaucracy. In such a context, we studied the tenure duration of Romanian ministers since 1989, as well as their accumulated political longevity in ministerial offices. Using proportional hazards regression, we observed some peculiarities in the young Romanian democracy in comparison with more established regimes. We observed that left‐wing majorities tend to increase the probability of seat changes and thus diminish tenure longevity. We also observed that good economic conditions may lead to the substitution of certain types of ministries, while higher inflation rates tend to shorten tenure longevity for Romanian ministers. Moreover, our estimations support the finding that Romanian ministers tend to have shorter tenures as the number of past ministerial functions increases and that the burden of simultaneously managing various ministries significantly contributes to the shorter political longevity of a given minister. Finally, recent ministers have had longer tenures than those in the first years after the fall of communism in Eastern Europe in 1989.

The role played by the USSR in the popular democracies in Central and Eastern Europe is both overestimated and underestimated in current works. It is overestimated in numerous studies, which consider the imposing force of the "Soviet model" to have been acquired when these countries fell under the Soviet sphere of influence at the end of World War II. The mere definition of a model is however anything but clear: its transplantation had many loopholes and showed significant discrepancies depending on the periods and areas taken into consideration. It is underestimated since the entire array of exchanges made with the USSR during the socialist period have rarely been fully considered. While much attention was paid to the relationship between the East and the West during the Cold War, this special issue aims to address an under-researched topic, the cultural relations between the popular democracies and the USSR. By focusing on different countries and on different forms of exchanges in literature, visual arts, architecture or cinematography, the various contributions to this special issue are hopefully expanding the study of East-East relations, while offering a necessary comparative understanding of how each country shaped its own communist experience.

The demographic problems in developed countries are getting more and more important. Very low fertility rates especially among skilled individuals will soon become relevant for a country's economy. Also of importance is education of children. Since there is an increasing demand for skilled workers, the positive correlation between social background and education worsens the situation. Therefore family planning as well as fertility providing and educational measures are of major importance for regional decision makers. We define in our model the optimal number of children considering the income and education of their parents by using a Cobb-Douglas utility function which implies that children and consumption are complementary goods. Children are considered to be a differentiated good with respect to their education. Therefore, we distinguish between high educated and low educated children. After deciding the optimal number of children, the education level of children has to be determined. We assume that only one parent is responsible for the education. Further we presume a negative correlation between the opportunity costs of educating a child and their parent's qualification. Since we consider the parents income and education, many cases result. Regional policy makers have the possibility to change individual decisions regarding offspring by creating monetary incentives. As wages and therefore family income are exogenous, the regional governments have only two policy measures left: either child allowance and/or scholarships. Considering the population's preferences, regions may optimize the number and structure of children.

The demographic development in Germany has severe consequences on the economic and social development of the country. The aging and decreasing of the population are certainly the most considered aspects of the demographic change. We consider additionally the competition between regions for inhabitants, which can be observed in Germany and aggravates the country's demographic situation. Indicators such as the natural population development, the fertility rate, the sex ratio, the migration, etc. are varying significantly from region to region. Very strong regional differences in these indicators are observable between East and West Germany, as well as between North and South Germany. High-qualified persons are recruited by other regions for the purpose to built higher location advantages. This intensified competition leads to very big regional differences that some regions cannot successfully face. The consideration, that a cooperation of regions instead their competition would yield success regarding the demographic problem, which is stronger through the national migration, is very important. We consider in our model two utility-maximizing German regions that pursue a policy of attracting young inhabitants through different policy measures.Therefore, we construct an oligopoly model that picture the competition situation. A Prisoner's dilemma results, where each region has the incentive to attract inhabitants from the other region, despite that cooperation between both regions would lead to higher welfare, better allocation of the factors and less government spending.

Die demographische Entwicklung der letzten Jahrzehnte in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland sowie in den meisten Industriestaaten tritt immer mehr in den Fokus des öffentlichen Bewusstseins. Der Band "Infrastrukturprobleme bei Bevölkerungsrückgang", welcher anlässlich der Emeritierung von Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Peter Friedrich erscheint, verfolgt die Absicht, die Auswirkungen und resultierenden Problemstellungen der Veränderung in der Bevölkerungsstruktur auf den öffentlichen Sektor wissenschaftlich aufzuarbeiten. Die Autoren befassen sich u.a. mit den volks- sowie betriebswirtschaftlichen Konsequenzen des Bevölkerungsschwundes auf die Infrastruktur und der sich daraus ergebenden Finanzierungsproblematik. Darüber hinaus werden am Beispiel der überörtlichen Sozialhilfe und des Gesundheitswesens die Tendenz zu steigenden Ausgaben und die Notwendigkeit von Reformen verdeutlicht. Der sich einstellende regionale Wettbewerb und die damit einhergehende Abwanderung verschärft die natürliche Bevölkerungsentwicklung. Die entstehenden Migrationsströme bewirken, dass der prognostizierte Bevölkerungsrückgang früher erreicht wird. In Deutschland verdeutlicht sich dies am Beispiel der Ost-West-Migration. Die Beiträge über die Vereinigten Staaten, Rumänien und Polen zeigen die sektoralen Effekte und deren gleichzeitiges Zusammenwirken auf. Der Inhalt des Sammelbandes richtet sich an Führungskräfte aus Wirtschaft, Politik und Verwaltung, Forscher und Studierende der Volks- und Betriebswirtschaftslehre und der öffentlichen Wirtschaft.