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Brazil has a strong potential to achieve national climate goals and can also be an important decarbonization partner for other countries, especially in the supply of green hydrogen and critical raw materials for the production of new climate-neutral technologies. This article highlights the main tools and policies for Brazil's decarbonization and identifies potential areas in which the country can not only achieve its nationally determined contributions (NDCs), but also ensure innovative green economic growth. Low carbon intensity energy sources can ensure a low carbon footprint for industrial products, which can make goods more attractive in the face of increasing requirements and the introduction of measures such as the European Union's (EU) carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM). Extensive deployment of renewable energy creates opportunities for the country to produce sustainable hydrogen, which will be in demand both domestically and globally. The main challenge for Brazil's decarbonization is its extensive agriculture, as well as widespread deforestation, the rate of which increased under the J. Bolsonaro administration. For agricultural products, which make up a large share of exports, avoided deforestation requirements like those adopted in the EU would be a real barrier and could close European and other markets. The mining and processing of critical raw materials could be a potential breakthrough for the country's economic growth due to the widespread decarbonization of the global economy. The low carbon intensity of the country's industry, including mining, due to renewable energy sources appears to be a significant advantage. Lula's return has given the international community hope that, at least in forestry and agriculture, significant efforts can be expected from Brazil, including international support, financing, and auditing

This text is written in memoriam of Professor A.V. Karelsky. Alongside
the grateful memoirs of the author of the text, the latter provides opinions of some
other philologists about Karelsky as a Teacher, Lecturer, Translator, as well as a Man
and a Poet.

The concept of a "climate club" has been presented by researchers as an attempt to ensure progress in the achievement of the Paris goals through the adoption of more ambitious targets and restrictive measures, including carbon pricing, by a group of countries, preferably those responsible for a larger share of global greenhouse gas emissions. Theoretical models are virtually impossible to implement in practice, so attempts have been made to develop club configurations that take into account political, economic and institutional realities. Based on this body of work, the first concepts of clubs that can be realistically implemented are presented. They differ in terms of membership conditions, levels of policy harmonization, ambitions of goals, and ways to punish free riders. Attempts to take into account the interests of countries with different levels of development and strength of climate policy, as well as willingness to introduce new restrictive measures, lead to weakening of the institutional structure and reduction of efficiency. However, some aspects of cooperation can still be developed to ensure the reduction of emissions, harmonization of standards being one of them

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This article considers the autonomy at work trends in Russia for more than 15 years on the basis of monitoring data "Social differences in modern Russian society". A degree and characteristics of autonomy in work depend on external conditions and are manifested differently in different periods. The 1990s are a watershed of these periods. The established trends in the degree of manifestation of different types of autonomy in work are shown. There is a marked contradiction between the assessment of their autonomy and limiting framework of its manifestation: in comparison with 2015, in 1999, employees evaluated it significantly higher. This can be explained by adaptation to changing conditions of work and employment. At the same time, the organization of the workplace, according to the estimates of workers, does not give great opportunities to show their autonomy. This trend has been observed throughout the years of the survey. Meanwhile, workers are noticeably more likely to feel the insignificance of their level of autonomy. The study confirmed the relationship of autonomy in labour relations with professional status: a high level of power, education, well-being. There is a decrease in autonomy of the heads of organizations and managers of the lower level. Working conditions are also important: forms of employment, contract, remuneration. Personal characteristics associated with attitudes to change in their lives, play a role. The influence of age and sex is not so significant. Trends in the situation of self-employment are noted: the growth of the scale, professional and qualification compliance. This confirms the assumption that compulsion characterizes self-employment to a lesser extent than in the 1990. It is concluded that autonomy in work is a characteristic of a more privileged social position of workers, as well as emerging social groups of self-employed.

Russia's model of economic development, based on hydrocarbon exports, initially determined the country's scepticism toward low-carbon transformation. However, the growing negative effects of climate change, manifesting in increased natural disasters (floods, fires, extreme heat), as well as extraterritorial measures imposed by major trading partners, which could potentially limit market access, led to a transformation of the perceived climate change challenge and the adoption of a range of policy documents and regulations to articulate and implement a low-carbon development policy in Russia. The targets and measures have been criticized for lacking ambition and rigour, but still pushed the processes without which the economy would continue to face the negative effects of climate change and increasing constraints in global markets. The geopolitical crisis of 2022 and widening sanctions have significantly constrained Russia's ability to meet climate targets. Despite this, mechanisms to promote decarbonization in key sectors continue to be developed. In addition, opportunities for cooperation with some major non-western economies have not closed. This article analyzes Russia's strategic documents and key low-carbon development policies, including the activities of major companies. It provides perspective on the role of forest climate projects as well as their drawbacks and risks, the Sakhalin experiment to achieve carbon neutrality in the region and how it is implemented through concrete initiatives, the prospects and limitations of the hydrogen industry, the challenges and tools for decarbonizing transport, state of play in the carbon capture, use and storage technologies, the criteria for green projects, and the situation on the green bond market. It also identifies two important areas which gain importance as the climate transition scales up: nuclear power and the extraction and production of critical raw materials. Based on the analysis, recommendations are given on promising areas of cooperation between Russia and its BRICS and EAEU partners.

The article analyses the role of empathy in motivating prosocial behaviour. The influence of the level of empathy development on the features of prosocial behaviour in personal development is analysed. A theoretical analysis of the phenomenon of empathy and its impact on prosocial behaviour is carried out from the point of view of an interdisciplinary approach. Studies of the prosocial behaviour phenomenon in the framework of modern psychological doctrines are considered. The article presents the results of a study aimed at studying the influence of the level of empathy on the formation of prosocial (helping) behaviour. The study was conducted using a personal interview method. The survey was conducted on a zoned quota sample, represented in accordance with sex, age, and educational structure of the population of Yaroslavl. (n=500 people). The main conclusions of the study include the conclusion about a low level of behavioural empathy, characterised by a willingness to sympathise and help, guided by emotional participation. We can talk about the correlation of the empathic potential of the individual and its altruistic orientation. Empathic potential makes it possible to predict the behavioural reactions of a person in a real situation and is a determinant of the formation of prosocial behaviour. An individual's belonging to a society is determined by its emotional connections and influences the formation of prosocial behaviour.

The article contains operationalisation of the concepts of "volunteerismˮ and "volunteeringˮ, as a result of which it is determined that it is inappropriate to consider the concepts of "volunteerismˮ and "volunteeringˮ as synonyms. The systematisation and generalisation of various methodological approaches in their application to the study of motivation for volunteering have been carried out. The article presents the results of a study aimed at studying the motivation of mutual assistance in society. The object of the study was people engaged in volunteer activities. The research was carried out by the method of personal interview. The study involved 232 volunteers aged 14 to 57. The number of women is 181 (78 %), of men, 51 (22 %). The data collection was carried out by sending a questionnaire in Google form (attachment) to volunteer organisations in Yaroslavl. Using the results of empirical research, it has been shown that the role of empathy in motivation for prosocial behaviour is significant only within the limits of spontaneous behaviour. Volunteering can be seen as a form of pro-social behaviour. It has been established and proven that motivation to engage in volunteer activities does not always depend on the altruistic orientation of the individual. Selfish interests can also motivate people to volunteer. The role of empathy in motivating prosocial behaviour depends on the context in which the decision to provide assistance is made.