Suchergebnisse

The article focuses on Russian religious non-conformists (Baptists and Evangelical Christians) from the late 19th century until 1929. The research is based on the analysis of various historical, archival, and personal sources, as well as oral and printed sources, photographs and legislation, and the First Russian Census of 1897. The authors also collected materials during field research among the Yekaterinburg Baptists in 2014–15 (field materials from N. Yu. Popova's archive) and used documents from the personal archive of Yekaterinburg's Baptist community leader P. D. Yakovlev. As a result, they managed to define the dynamics of Baptist and Evangelical Christian growth and distribution in the Urals and to demonstrate their ethnic and gender composition and literacy level. The article shows that the Evangelical movement started to develop in the Central Urals later than in other regions of Russia and embraced ethnic Russians with a relatively high level of literacy. This could be because of the Central Urals' special status as a mining and metal producing region that did not play host to exiles. In addition, it was one of the strongholds of the Old Believers, the representatives of an older form of Russian nonconformity. Yekaterinburg was the centre of religious non-conformists in the Urals and had the largest Baptist congregation in the region by the end of the 1920s. The Ural Evangelical movement developed in the same way as in Europe, attracting socially active and mobile urban youth and women. The authors argue that, although it was in opposition to the Orthodox Church, the Evangelical movement presented no danger to the state, but rather contributed to the development of civil society in late 19th- and early 20th-century Russia. ; Рассмотрен феномен российского религиозного нонконформизма на примере истории евангельского движения на Урале, прежде всего баптистов и евангельских христиан, с конца XIX в. до 1929 г. На основании широкого круга исторических источников архивного, личного, устного и печатного генезиса, а также фотодокументов и данных Первой всеобщей переписи населения Российской империи проанализированы динамика численности и расселение баптистов и евангельских христиан Среднего Урала; определен этнический и гендерный состав представителей этих движений, уровень их грамотности. Кроме того, привлечена информация, полученная в ходе полевых исследований среди членов церкви баптистов Екатеринбурга (полевые материалы из личного архива Н. Ю. Поповой) и архив руководителя общины баптистов г. Екатеринбурга П. Д. Яковлева. Установлено, что развитие евангельского движения на Среднем Урале началось позднее, чем в остальных регионах России, что могло быть следствием особого статуса горнозаводского Урала и высокой концентрации старообрядческих общин – оплота раннего российского религиозного нонконформизма. Екатеринбург стал центром евангельских движений на Урале уже в конце XIX в., а к концу 1920-х гг. в городе существовали активные общины баптистов и евангельских христиан. Евангельское движение динамично развивалось на Урале в том же направлении, что и аналогичные церкви в Европе, привлекая социально активные и мобильные слои городской молодежи и женщин. Авторы предлагают рассматривать евангельские общины как общественные организации, находившиеся в оппозиции официальной религиозности, что способствовало развитию гражданского общества в стране в конце XIX – начале XX в.

The development of a digital society, rapid access to information sources changes the consumers' behaviour in terms of goods and services purchased online. In these conditions, the key to business development is trust: trust in web sites, information and brands represented on the Internet. Trust promotes consumers' decision-making with regard to interaction and changes the approaches to marketing activities of business entities. The study identifies the factors that contribute to the development of trust and focuses on the importance of communication and consumer values, including the digital culture. The stages of trust marketing development, which are based on the principles of the theory of trust and consumer behaviour in a digital environment, are specified. The research was conducted with the involvement of online users through an on-line survey in April-July 2018 and included 2,038 respondents. Research questions were formed on the basis of focus groups, which included active Internet users. The research concerned Russian-speaking and Ukrainian-speaking Internet users. It reflects a certain socio-cultural environment of the Internet and gives impetus to continue the research focused on the multicultural comparison. This research gives an idea of consumers' confidence in the digital environment and defines the conceptual aspects of developing trust marketing in relation to interaction, communication, consumer values and development stages. As the results of the study revealed, changes in consumer behaviour in the Internet environment, lack of direct contact with staff members enhance the value of trust in the company or brand. Therefore, trust marketing becomes the most demanded concept of modern marketing. According to this concept, marketing tools of enterprises in a digital society should be configured to establish trust relationships with consumers. This generates changes in the behaviour of enterprises themselves. The practical aspects of this research are to provide business stakeholders with guidance on developing trust marketing in a digital society based on consumer behaviour understanding. The social consequences of trust marketing development are the digital citizens' satisfaction with their livelihoods by increasing confidence in business and the state, minimizing the risks in the digital environment.

The relevance of the article is due to a comprehensive study of the concept of organized crime leaders. The purpose of the article is to analyze the forensic aspects of the characteristics of this legal phenomenon as a whole, as well as to consider the problematic elements that exist in it. The realization of this goal is achieved by using the laws of dialectics, formal logic and the application of general scientific and special scientific research methods. The article uses a systematic approach to the study of the object in question. The concept of a leader is given, the basic qualities inherent in him are considered, and it is concluded that these qualities are clearly manifested, or if they are lacking, they are developed in the course of their criminal activity. It is noted that the leaders of organized crime, both general criminal and economic, have a different set of these qualities. The features inherent in the leaders of these areas of organized criminal activity are highlighted. The problems of a criminal-legal nature that have a negative impact on bringing them to criminal responsibility are investigated, and proposals are made to eliminate the problems identified.