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A quantitative index for measuring populist discourse based on the number of times references are made to the own and the other group has been proposed by Aslanidis (Qual Quant, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0517-4). The references to the two groups are found in the actor part of the clauses in texts. In this contribution, it is argued that the clause contains a lot of additional information not on the frequency of occurrence of populist speech, but regarding the how or the why of populist speech. In this text, this is used for a comparison of populist and non-populist statements in speeches by a Prime Minister.

Parliamentary motions are a vital and frequently used element of political control in democratic regimes. Despite their high incidence and potential impact on the political fate of a government and its policies, we know relatively little about the conditions under which parliamentary motions are likely to be accepted or rejected. Current collective decision-making models use a voting power framework in which power and influence of the involved parties are the main predictors. We propose an alternative, social dilemma approach, according to which a motion's likelihood to be accepted depends on the severity of the social dilemma underlying the decision issue. Actor- and dilemma-centered hypotheses are developed and tested with data from a stratified random sample of 822 motions that have been voted upon in the Dutch Parliament between September 2009 and February 2011. The social dilemma structure of each motion is extracted through content coding, applying a cognitive mapping technique developed by Anthony, Heckathorn and Maser. Logistic regression analyses are in line with both, actor-centered and social-dilemma centered approaches, though the latter show stronger effect sizes. Motions have a lower chance to be accepted if voting potential is low, the proposer is not from the voting party, and if the problem underlying the motion reflects a prisoner's dilemma or a pure competition game as compared to a coordination game. The number of proposing parties or a battle of the sexes structure does not significantly affect the outcome.

Parliamentary motions are a vital and frequently used element of political control in democratic regimes. Despite their high incidence and potential impact on the political fate of a government and its policies, we know relatively little about the conditions under which parliamentary motions are likely to be accepted or rejected. Current collective decision-making models use a voting power framework in which power and influence of the involved parties are the main predictors. We propose an alternative, social dilemma approach, according to which a motion's likelihood to be accepted depends on the severity of the social dilemma underlying the decision issue. Actor- and dilemma-centered hypotheses are developed and tested with data from a stratified random sample of 822 motions that have been voted upon in the Dutch Parliament between September 2009 and February 2011. The social dilemma structure of each motion is extracted through content coding, applying a cognitive mapping technique developed by Anthony, Heckathorn and Maser. Logistic regression analyses are in line with both, actor-centered and social-dilemma centered approaches, though the latter show stronger effect sizes. Motions have a lower chance to be accepted if voting potential is low, the proposer is not from the voting party, and if the problem underlying the motion reflects a prisoner's dilemma or a pure competition game as compared to a coordination game. The number of proposing parties or a battle of the sexes structure does not significantly affect the outcome.

A previous analysis of post-1989 editorials in a Hungarian newspaper investigated ideological developments in Hungary in the first years after the communist regime had been replaced by elected governments. Using the same method, we here investigate whether the same developments may have extended prior to Hungary's democratic changes. Such extension might have entailed a gradual increase in modal rhetoric indicative of free market or social justice. However, no support is found for this in Hungary's pre-1990 state-controlled media. Instead, modal arguments only appear with noteworthy frequency after 1986 and then only ones emphasizing Hungarians' inevitabilities and possibilities without any consistent rationale.

This methodological article presents an introduction to the field of clause-based semantic text analysis. The method is introduced and elaborated with regard to the study of ideological developments within fledgling democracies. In such studies modality plays an important role. Democratic societies are maintained in accordance with either a modality of achievement or one of necessity. This is illustrated using editorial texts from Hungary, one of the countries in Central and Eastern Europe where people had to find their democratic way after communism disappeared in 1989.

This article is based on the premise that social systems are justified via the discursive use of modal statements (i.e. sentences in which actors delineate that which is possible, impossible, inevitable or contingent) and their associated rationales. Within authoritarian states such modal discourse usually reflects a relatively coherent 'modality of permission'. However, when the citizens of such states unite to overthrow their totalitarian leaders, their activities are typically justified in terms of two mutually inconsistent discursive forms: a 'modality of achievement' (based on market justice among competitors) vs a 'modality of necessity' (based on social justice for the masses). These three discursive modalities have theoretical roots in Simmel's forms of sociation, and can be differentiated using content analysis. In an analysis of editorials during Hungary's first seven years of post-Soviet democratization, evidence is found of a steady increase during these years in mentions of Hungarians' opportunities being based on economic circumstances as well as in mentions of their responsibilities being grounded in political circumstances. This latter finding suggests that as late as 1997, Hungarian political discourse was heading toward a modality of necessity, more like the predominant political modality in Western Europe than the achievement modality that characterizes political discourse in the US.

We report differences in political rhetoric within former East- and West-German journalists' editorials written during the 7 years immediately following reunification. Whereas the former evoked frames inconsistently and disproportionately conveyed citizens' possibilities during the 1994–1995 provincial, national, and European election period; the latter framed their rhetoric consistently and did so in overwhelmingly political terms. From these findings, we draw inferences on citizens' mutual interpretations within authoritarian societies (what is permitted) versus functioning democracies (what is legal), suggesting that only the latter affords the basis for the social construction of democracy.

We report differences in political rhetoric within former East- and West-German journalists' editorials written during the 7 years immediately following reunification. Whereas the former evoked frames inconsistently and disproportionately conveyed citizens' possibilities during the 1994-1995 provincial, national, and European election period; the latter framed their rhetoric consistently and did so in overwhelmingly political terms. From these findings, we draw inferences on citizens' mutual interpretations within authoritarian societies (what is permitted) versus functioning democracies (what is legal), suggesting that only the latter affords the basis for the social construction of democracy.

Front Cover -- Present Knowledge in Food Safety -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of contributors -- About the editors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- I. Changes in the chemical composition of food through the various stages of the food chain: plants before harvest -- 1 Natural toxicants in plant-based foods, including herbs and spices and herbal food supplements, and accompanying risks -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Risk and safety assessment of natural toxins from plants -- 1.3 Situations where natural toxins from plants may raise concern: Improper food handling [toxic proteins, glycoalkaloids (... -- 1.3.1 Toxic proteins -- 1.3.1.1 Toxic proteins: relevant structural features -- 1.3.1.2 Toxic proteins: toxic mode of action and adverse effects -- 1.3.1.3 Toxic proteins: risk assessment -- 1.3.2 Glycoalkaloids -- 1.3.2.1 Glycoalkaloids: relevant structural features -- 1.3.2.2 Glycoalkaloids: toxic mode of action and adverse effects -- 1.3.2.3 Glycoalkaloids: risk assessment -- 1.3.3 Quinolizidine alkaloids -- 1.3.3.1 Quinolizidine alkaloids: relevant structural features -- 1.3.3.2 Quinolizidine alkaloids: toxic mode of action and adverse effects -- 1.3.3.3 Quinolizidine alkaloids: risk assessment -- 1.4 Situations where natural toxins from plants may raise concern: Famine food (cyanogenic glycosides, lathyrogens) -- 1.4.1 Cyanogenic glycosides -- 1.4.1.1 Cyanogenic glycosides: relevant structural features -- 1.4.1.2 Cyanogenic glycosides: toxic mode of action and adverse effects -- 1.4.1.3 Cyanogenic glycosides: risk assessment -- 1.4.2 Lathyrogens -- 1.4.2.1 Lathyrogens: relevant structural features -- 1.4.2.2 Lathyrogens: toxic mode of action and adverse effects -- 1.4.2.3 Lathyrogens: risk assessment.

We present observations of the Eridanus supergroup obtained with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) as part of the pre-pilot survey for the Widefield ASKAP L-band Legacy All-sky Blind surveY (WALLABY). The total number of detected H i sources is 55, of which 12 are background galaxies not associated with the Eridanus supergroup. Two massive H i clouds are identified and large H i debris fields are seen in the NGC 1359 interacting galaxy pair, and the face-on spiral galaxy NGC 1385. We describe the data products from the source finding algorithm and present the basic parameters. The presence of distorted H i morphology in all detected galaxies suggests ongoing tidal interactions within the subgroups. The Eridanus group has a large fraction of H i-deficient galaxies as compared to previously studied galaxy groups. These H i-deficient galaxies are not found at the centre of the group. We find that galaxies in the Eridanus supergroup do not follow the general trend of the atomic gas fraction versus stellar mass scaling relation, which indicates that the scaling relation changes with environmental density. In general, the majority of these galaxies are actively forming stars. © 2021 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society. ; This research was supported by the ARC Centre of Excellence for All Sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions (ASTRO 3D), through project number CE170100013. PK is partially supported by the BMBF project 05A17PC2 for D-MeerKAT. LV-M acknowledges financial support from the grants AYA2015-65973-C3-1-RandRTI2018-096228-B-C31 (MINECO/FEDER, UE), as well as from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the 'Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa' award to the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709). The Australian SKA Pathfinder is part of the Australia Telescope National Facility that is funded by the Australian Government with support from the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy and Industry Endowment Fund. ASKAP uses the resources of the Pawsey Supercomputing Centre with funding provided by the Australian Government under the National Computational Merit Allocation Scheme (project JA3). This research has made use of images of the Legacy Surveys. The Legacy Surveys consist of three individual and complementary projects: the Dark Energy Camera Legacy Survey (DECaLS; Proposal ID #2014B-0404; PIs: David Schlegel and Arjun Dey), the Beijing–Arizona Sky Survey (BASS; NOAO Prop. ID #2015A-0801; PIs: Zhou Xu and Xiaohui Fan), and the Mayall z-band Legacy Survey (MzLS; Prop. ID #2016A-0453; PI: Arjun Dey). DECaLS, BASS, and MzLS together include data obtained, respectively, at the Blanco telescope, Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, NSF's NOIRLab; the Bok telescope, Steward Observatory, University of Arizona; and the Mayall telescope, Kitt Peak National Observatory, NOIRLab. ; Peer reviewed