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International audience This article examines the development of partnerships between multinational companies(MNCs) and large nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) through voluntary product labelingschemes. First, the economics, management, and business literature are reviewed to highlightcross-checking, consistencies, and complementarities among these disciplines to identify and analyzethe motives of partnering via voluntary product labeling. This analysis shows that, throughsuch partnerships, companies and NGOs share similar objectives, viability and visibility andexchange essential resources, information and legitimacy. The development of shared goals andthe complementarity of resources are the basis for successful partnerships, but they also createa phenomenon of blurred roles between companies and NGOs. Each partner enters the other'ssphere, which allows for better communication among partners, a clear and common vision of thepartnership, a mutual trust, and a symmetric commitment of partners, necessary conditions forsuccessful partnerships. However, I show that this phenomenon also leads to new risks for partners:competition, "NGO-capture", and inconsistency.

This article describes, analyzes, and explains the emergence of partnerships between corporations and non- governmental organizations (NGOs) and the ways in w hich corporations use such relationships as part of thei r corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities. Economics concepts and the management literature are reviewed, and illustratio ns are provided to describe such alliances and to explain their exp ansion. The findings show that firms engage in CSR for altruist ic, defensive, and strategic reasons. The role of NGOs in these ac tivities, as well as the related risks for both types of partners, is also explained and studied. NGOs are identified to have fundraising, s takeholder, and strategic functions in corporate-NGO partnerships. The findings also show that the main risks for NGOs, namely, a l oss of credibility and legitimacy and their consequences, are related to the financial and existential dependency created by cor porate-NGO partnerships.

The fair trade born fifty years ago defines itself as an alternative approach to conventional trade. In the late 1980s, fair trade organizations began labelling fair products to facilitate their entry into the large-scale distribution. This article presents the concept and its evolution, as well as the debate on the introducion of fair products into the large-scale distribution. It also evaluates the situation of the legislation introduced in France. ; Le commerce équitable connaît depuis quelques années un intérêt grandissant de la part des industriels et de la grande distribution grâce à sa filière labellisée. Cet article présente le commerce équitable et son évolution, ainsi que le débat sur l'introduction de produits équitables dans la grande distribution. Il fait également le point sur la législation mise en place en France.

The fair trade born fifty years ago defines itself as an alternative approach to conventional trade. In the late 1980s, fair trade organizations began labelling fair products to facilitate their entry into the large-scale distribution. This article presents the concept and its evolution, as well as the debate on the introducion of fair products into the large-scale distribution. It also evaluates the situation of the legislation introduced in France. ; Le commerce équitable connaît depuis quelques années un intérêt grandissant de la part des industriels et de la grande distribution grâce à sa filière labellisée. Cet article présente le commerce équitable et son évolution, ainsi que le débat sur l'introduction de produits équitables dans la grande distribution. Il fait également le point sur la législation mise en place en France.

AbstractUsing insects as an alternative protein source is increasingly becoming part of the future food security equation. Westerners tend to be squeamish or phobic about insects; thus, before we can manage this kind of change in the human diet, we need to start by introducing this new protein source into the animal diet. This article investigates the French consumer acceptability of farmed trout fed insect meal instead of fish meal. From an online survey of 327 consumers, the present work set out to identify the determinants of acceptability and determine how information on the benefits of insect meal for fishery resources can change the acceptability. Our statistical analysis highlights three key factors shaping the acceptability of these novel insect‐fed products, namely, being informed, gender and food neophobia. Providing information on the negative effects of overfishing and on insect meal as a viable alternative to fishmeal in aquafeed can improve the acceptability of insects as fish feed. In all, 76% of informed participants would be ready to eat insect‐fed fish against only 64% of uninformed participants. Males appeared readier to eat insect‐fed fish, and the 'Reluctants' class, which represented 8% of our sample, was composed of 78% females. The 'Fans', which represented 41% of our sample, were more likely to be males and individuals with a lower than average food neophobia score.

In this paper we endogenize the horizontal structure of illicit drug markets. The key assumption is that the trafficker's probability of detection depends on his/her market share. We show that a stricter law enforcement policy encourages traffickers to permit competitors into the market. Increasing deterrence reduces the quantities supplied by each trafficker but also induces new entry, which cancels out the decrease in individual production at the aggregated level. Equilibrium total quantity & criminal profit are independent of the law enforcement level. Figures, Appendixes, References. [Copyright 2005 Elsevier B.V.]

A widespread transition towards diets based on plant proteins as substitutes for animal proteins would contribute to food system sustainability. Such changes in consumer food choices can be fostered by public policy. We conducted an online experiment to test whether providing consumers with information regarding the negative consequences of meat consumption on the environment or health increases the substitution of animal-based proteins with plant-based proteins. The consumers had to make three meal selections, the first without exposure to information and the latter two after exposure to environmental or health information. One group of consumers served as the control and received no information. The results show that half of the consumers chose meals with animal proteins in all three cases. The information intervention had a limited impact on the average consumer. However, a latent class analysis shows that the information intervention impacted a sub-sample of the consumers. Information policy does not appear to be sufficient for altering consumer behaviour regarding the consumption of animal proteins. ; Une transition généralisée vers des régimes alimentaires basés sur les protéines végétales comme substituts des protéines animales contribuerait à la durabilité du système alimentaire. De tels changements dans les choix alimentaires des consommateurs peuvent être encouragés par les politiques publiques. Nous avons mené une expérimentation en ligne pour tester si l'information des consommateurs sur les conséquences négatives de la consommation de viande sur l'envi-ronnement ou la santé augmente la substitution des protéines d'origine animale par des protéines d'origine végétale. Les consommateurs devaient faire trois choix de repas, le premier sans exposition à l'information et les deux derniers après exposition à l'information environnementale ou sanitaire. Un groupe de consommateurs a servi de témoin et n'a reçu aucune information. Les résultats montrent que la moitié des consommateurs ont choisi des repas à ...

A widespread transition towards diets based on plant proteins as substitutes for animal proteins would contribute to food system sustainability. Such changes in consumer food choices can be fostered by public policy. We conducted an online experiment to test whether providing consumers with information regarding the negative consequences of meat consumption on the environment or health increases the substitution of animal-based proteins with plant-based proteins. The consumers had to make three meal selections, the first without exposure to information and the latter two after exposure to environmental or health information. One group of consumers served as the control and received no information. The results show that half of the consumers chose meals with animal proteins in all three cases. The information intervention had a limited impact on the average consumer. However, a latent class analysis shows that the information intervention impacted a sub-sample of the consumers. Information policy does not appear to be sufficient for altering consumer behaviour regarding the consumption of animal proteins. ; Une transition généralisée vers des régimes alimentaires basés sur les protéines végétales comme substituts des protéines animales contribuerait à la durabilité du système alimentaire. De tels changements dans les choix alimentaires des consommateurs peuvent être encouragés par les politiques publiques. Nous avons mené une expérimentation en ligne pour tester si l'information des consommateurs sur les conséquences négatives de la consommation de viande sur l'envi-ronnement ou la santé augmente la substitution des protéines d'origine animale par des protéines d'origine végétale. Les consommateurs devaient faire trois choix de repas, le premier sans exposition à l'information et les deux derniers après exposition à l'information environnementale ou sanitaire. Un groupe de consommateurs a servi de témoin et n'a reçu aucune information. Les résultats montrent que la moitié des consommateurs ont choisi des repas à ...

A widespread transition towards diets based on plant proteins as substitutes for animal proteins would contribute to food system sustainability. Such changes in consumer food choices can be fostered by public policy. We conducted an online experiment to test whether providing consumers with information regarding the negative consequences of meat consumption on the environment or health increases the substitution of animal-based proteins with plant-based proteins. The consumers had to make three meal selections, the first without exposure to information and the latter two after exposure to environmental or health information. One group of consumers served as the control and received no information. The results show that half of the consumers chose meals with animal proteins in all three cases. The information intervention had a limited impact on the average consumer. However, a latent class analysis shows that the information intervention impacted a sub-sample of the consumers. Information policy does not appear to be sufficient for altering consumer behaviour regarding the consumption of animal proteins. ; Une transition généralisée vers des régimes alimentaires basés sur les protéines végétales comme substituts des protéines animales contribuerait à la durabilité du système alimentaire. De tels changements dans les choix alimentaires des consommateurs peuvent être encouragés par les politiques publiques. Nous avons mené une expérimentation en ligne pour tester si l'information des consommateurs sur les conséquences négatives de la consommation de viande sur l'envi-ronnement ou la santé augmente la substitution des protéines d'origine animale par des protéines d'origine végétale. Les consommateurs devaient faire trois choix de repas, le premier sans exposition à l'information et les deux derniers après exposition à l'information environnementale ou sanitaire. Un groupe de consommateurs a servi de témoin et n'a reçu aucune information. Les résultats montrent que la moitié des consommateurs ont choisi des repas à ...

A widespread transition towards diets based on plant proteins as substitutes for animal proteins would contribute to food system sustainability. Such changes in consumer food choices can be fostered by public policy. We conducted an online experiment to test whether providing consumers with information regarding the negative consequences of meat consumption on the environment or health increases the substitution of animal-based proteins with plant-based proteins. The consumers had to make three meal selections, the first without exposure to information and the latter two after exposure to environmental or health information. One group of consumers served as the control and received no information. The results show that half of the consumers chose meals with animal proteins in all three cases. The information intervention had a limited impact on the average consumer. However, a latent class analysis shows that the information intervention impacted a sub-sample of the consumers. Information policy does not appear to be sufficient for altering consumer behaviour regarding the consumption of animal proteins. ; Une transition généralisée vers des régimes alimentaires basés sur les protéines végétales comme substituts des protéines animales contribuerait à la durabilité du système alimentaire. De tels changements dans les choix alimentaires des consommateurs peuvent être encouragés par les politiques publiques. Nous avons mené une expérimentation en ligne pour tester si l'information des consommateurs sur les conséquences négatives de la consommation de viande sur l'envi-ronnement ou la santé augmente la substitution des protéines d'origine animale par des protéines d'origine végétale. Les consommateurs devaient faire trois choix de repas, le premier sans exposition à l'information et les deux derniers après exposition à l'information environnementale ou sanitaire. Un groupe de consommateurs a servi de témoin et n'a reçu aucune information. Les résultats montrent que la moitié des consommateurs ont choisi des repas à ...