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Chapter 1. Introduction and overview of the model -- Chapter 2. Child labor and the macroeconomy -- Chapter 3. Microeconomics of child labor: Child labor, optimum savings and human capital accumulation -- Chapter 4. Is there a Culture of Child Labor? The Decision-making process of working, with special reference to the Girl Beedi rollers in Jhalda region of Purulia, West Bengal -- Chapter 5. Income shocks and child labor: evidence from the Dominican Republic -- Chapter 6. The effects of migration on child education and on engagement in different types of child labor in Vietnam: A simultaneous equation approach -- Chapter 7. The effect of child labor on primary education in Brazil -- Chapter 8. The role of parental characteristics on child labor participation and hours worked in Cameroon -- Chapter 9. Child Labor in a Pastoral Tribe of Jammu and Kashmir: Impact of Spatiality within a State of Conflict -- Chapter 10. Overall policy findings.

Most studies addressing gender inequality focus exclusively on the wage gap. This work aims at correcting this bias by focusing on factors such as employment, formality of employment and underemployment. Ecuador has been chosen as a scenario for this study because of its relatively unique labour market structure in Latin America. Using survey data at a household level, this study finds evidence of discrimination against women in the form of lower wages and disparities in terms of employment, underemployment and formality. It is argued that equal pay legislations could foster the reduction of these gaps. This study also recommends policies driven to promote equality at home by, for example, teaching the benefits of formal employment to household members. ; La mayoría de los estudios sobre la desigualdad de género abordan exclusivamente las diferencias salariales. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo corregir este sesgo utilizando factores como el empleo, la formalidad de empleo y el subempleo. Ecuador es elegido como el escenario de este estudio, ya que goza de una estructura laboral relativamente única en América Latina. Utilizando datos de encuesta a nivel de hogar, este estudio encuentra evidencia de discriminación en el mercado laboral en contra de las mujeres en la forma de salarios más bajos y disparidades en materia de empleo, subempleo y formalidad. Se argumenta que legislaciones de igualdad de remuneración podrían comenzar a reducir estas brechas. También se recomiendan políticas dirigidas a promover la igualdad en el hogar mediante, por ejemplo, la enseñanza de los beneficios del empleo formal

The 1990s saw a shift to the left in Latin American politics. However, there no studies comprehensively analyze political ideology and its determinants in Latin America during and after this period. Using survey data from 1996-2010, this paper makes two contributions. First, it finds that political ideology is determined by subjective perceptions on the state of the economy and society. Second, it finds that the probability of being more leftist has not significantly increased. Two theories that argue that political outcomes do not necessarily reflect the political ideology of the median voter are reviewed to explain the findings.

Do remittances reduce labor supply in recipient economies? This paper addresses this question with aggregate level data for a panel of sixty‐six developing countries from the Middle East and Africa, Asia and the Pacific, and Latin America and the Caribbean over the period 1985 to 2005. The results exhibit a positive and significant relationship between remittances and aggregate labor supply. The effect is clearly driven by men in each of the three regions. Three potential explanations are put forward to explain these empirical findings: (1) non‐migrating household members are likely to increase their labor supply in order to defray migration‐related expenses; (2) neighboring households increase their labor supply to help family members migrate after they become more aware of the benefits of remittances; and (3) remittances overcome credit constraints, thus generating employment.

In a world of open-ended access to social media, the ability of governments to control information is slipping away. It is plausible in countries with limited Internet access for citizens to remain ignorant of the true amount of corruption. We built a cross-country panel of 124 developing nations to analyze the effect of Internet usage on perceptions of corruption from 1996 to 2009. We find that, ceteris paribus, the information citizens receive from the World Wide Web leads to deteriorating views of the state of corruption in their country. Greater perceptions of government effectiveness are unsurprisingly found to negatively and significantly decrease perceptions of corruption within countries.

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the principal determinants of women's employment in the manufacturing sector of Bangladesh using a firm-level panel data from the World Bank's "Enterprise Survey" for the years 2007, 2011 and 2013. The paper sheds light on the demand-side factors, mainly firm-level characteristics, which also influence this decision.Design/methodology/approach– The authors estimate a fractional logit model to model a dependent variable that is limited by zero from below and one from above.Findings– The results indicate that firm size, whether medium or large, and firms' export-oriented activities, have an important impact on women's employment in the manufacturing sector in Bangladesh. Moreover, the authors find that women are significantly more likely to work in unskilled-labour-intensive industries within the manufacturing sector.Research limitations/implications– The research is limited to Bangladesh; however, much of the evidence presented here has implications that are relevant to policymakers in other developing countries.Practical implications– The study identifies factors that affect female employment, that is, where the main constraints to increase female labour force participation. The study focuses on the demand-side factors, which has been somewhat neglected in recent years. As such, it has practical policy implications.Social implications– Focusing on female employment in Bangladesh also sheds light on the nexus between labour market opportunities and social change within a country that is characterised by extreme patriarchy, which has wide-reaching implications.Originality/value– This is an original and comprehensive paper by the authors.

Rainfall shocks to the agricultural sector can pull children into agricultural work and/or household chores. This is problematic because both forms of child work are potentially precarious. This study examines the relationship between rainfall deviations and child labor for rural households in Vietnam using panel data covering the period 2006–14. We classify child labor into agricultural and nonagricultural activities as well as household chores. We study children's entrance into work and the time intensity of work. Using child‐level fixed effects, we find evidence that above‐average rainfall is associated with children entering agricultural work as well as being pulled into (and spending more time doing) household chores. Our findings suggest that intra‐household experiences of exogenous weather shocks are likely to vary at the individual level, suggesting a need for a more tailored approach to policymaking.