Suchergebnisse

Covering the work of non-governmental organizations in trying to change the environmental policies of governments and businesses, this study looks at field research in Asia and Africa, and relates it to theoretical issues in the academic field.

The paper addresses the following questions: to what extent have the states of India and Pakistan had the freedom to choose their own foreign policies without being limited by the military and ideological power of the USA or the USSR? The history of relations between India, Pakistan and the superpowers since the 1940s is sketched in relation to both a 'loose' pluralist model and a comparatively 'tight' neo-Marxist model, and then the question is essayed on the basis of some recent, international relations literature on the subject. The conclusion, broadly speaking, is that India and Pakistan probably have more freedom over their foreign policy choices than a 'tight' model would suggest.

The paper addresses the following questions: to what extent have the states of India and Pakistan had the freedom to choose their own foreign policies without being limited by the military and ideological power of the USA or the USSR? The history of relations between India and Pakistan and the superpowers since the 1940s is sketched in relation to both a 'loose' pluralist model and a comparatively 'tight' neo-Marxist model, and then the question is essayed on the basis of some recent international relations literature on the subject. (DÜI-Sen)

Why did European countries abandon colonies after the Second World War? No acceptable theory exists to help us with this question—theory neither in the sense of conceptualizations which 'map out the problem area and thus prepare the ground for its empirical investigation', nor in the sense of a set of interconnected hypotheses about the specific reality of the end of colonialism which can be validated or refuted by empirical research. Lenin's classic work on imperialism develops powerful theoretical insights regarding the establishment, growth and nature of imperialism, but it does not refer directly to the end of the specific form of imperialism which concerns us here, namely colonialism, although one may infer from Lenin's work the very general proposition that imperialism disappears when capitalism is replaced by socialism. Imperialism as a consequence of capitalism is still with us today, yet colonies have been abandoned. Lenin's theory is not refuted, but at the same time it does not help us directly with an explanation for the end of colonialism.