Suchergebnisse

L'électricité, un service public jacobin ? À rebours des idées reçues, cet ouvrage montre le rôle joué par les pouvoirs locaux dans la construction de ce qui est devenu un pilier de l'État-Providence en France, au XXe siècle. Cette influence, peu abordée dans l'historiographie, doit être mise en regard avec les origines du secteur électrique : un système sociotechnique ancré et organisé au niveau communal. Jamais effacée, cette « matrice » a façonné de manière durable la gestion du service public. Elle explique le maintien de plusieurs prérogatives locales au moment de la nationalisation (concessions de distribution, régies municipales et départementales, etc.). Elle éclaire la prise de certaines décisions après la création d'Électricité de France, en matière de redistribution sociale (soutien aux usagers domestiques) ou d'aménagement du territoire (péréquation des prix, électrification rurale). En exhumant l'action des pouvoirs locaux et de leur principale organisation représentative, la FNCCR (Fédération nationale des collectivités concédantes et régies), cette autre histoire du service public, racontée « par le bas », nuance la vision d'un État hégémonique. Elle permet aussi de mieux appréhender les mutations actuelles du secteur électrique, à l'heure où les questions de décentralisation refont surface dans les débats politiques.

Intro; TABLE DES MATIERES; Table des matières 1; Table des matières 2; Table des matières 3; Table des matières 4; Table des matières 5; La collection " Politique en + "; Remerciements; Introduction. Comprendre un monde polycentrique; Origine et diffusion d'une nouvelle approche des systèmes politiques multi-niveaux; Naissance d'un courant d'analyse : les États-Unis et l'étude des relations intergouvernementales (années 1930); Un intérêt plus tardif en Europe : le tournant des années 1970; Le renouveau des années 1990 : de l'analyse intergouvernementale à la gouvernance multi-niveaux

International audience ; In France, as in many countries, the role of local and regional authorities has increased significantly over the last few decades in the energy sector. Changes in the energy markets, decentralisation reforms and the desire to better involve local stakeholders in the implementation of energy and climate policies are some of the factors that can explain this new situation. This chapter analyses the consequences of these transformations on the sector's governance pattern, which has historically been highly centralised. It distinguishes between two different modes of intervention: the organisation of energy market industries on the one hand, and sectoral public policies in which energy plays an important role (buildings, social action, planning, climate, mobility, etc.) on the other. In the first case, the action of local and regional authorities is still very limited, due to the reluctance of the traditional players in the regulation of the sector. In the second case, it is stronger, even if it is part more a mobilisation of territories rather than a real transfer of powers to the local level. In the end, a new model of governance is emerging that is more open to local players than in the past, but which illustrates a decentralisation that is still timid and highly constrained. ; En France, comme dans de nombreux pays, le rôle des collectivités territoriales s'est fortement accru ces dernières décennies dans le secteur de l'énergie. Les mutations des marchés de l'énergie, les réformes de décentralisation, le souci de mieux associer les acteurs des territoires à la mise en œuvre des politiques énergie-climat font partie des quelques facteurs qui peuvent expliquer cette nouvelle donne. Ce chapitre propose d'analyser les conséquences de ces transformations sur le modèle de gouvernance du secteur, historiquement très centralisé. Il distingue deux modalités d'intervention différentes : l'organisation des industries des marchés de l'énergie d'une part, les politiques publiques sectorielles dans ...

International audience ; In France, as in many countries, the role of local and regional authorities has increased significantly over the last few decades in the energy sector. Changes in the energy markets, decentralisation reforms and the desire to better involve local stakeholders in the implementation of energy and climate policies are some of the factors that can explain this new situation. This chapter analyses the consequences of these transformations on the sector's governance pattern, which has historically been highly centralised. It distinguishes between two different modes of intervention: the organisation of energy market industries on the one hand, and sectoral public policies in which energy plays an important role (buildings, social action, planning, climate, mobility, etc.) on the other. In the first case, the action of local and regional authorities is still very limited, due to the reluctance of the traditional players in the regulation of the sector. In the second case, it is stronger, even if it is part more a mobilisation of territories rather than a real transfer of powers to the local level. In the end, a new model of governance is emerging that is more open to local players than in the past, but which illustrates a decentralisation that is still timid and highly constrained. ; En France, comme dans de nombreux pays, le rôle des collectivités territoriales s'est fortement accru ces dernières décennies dans le secteur de l'énergie. Les mutations des marchés de l'énergie, les réformes de décentralisation, le souci de mieux associer les acteurs des territoires à la mise en œuvre des politiques énergie-climat font partie des quelques facteurs qui peuvent expliquer cette nouvelle donne. Ce chapitre propose d'analyser les conséquences de ces transformations sur le modèle de gouvernance du secteur, historiquement très centralisé. Il distingue deux modalités d'intervention différentes : l'organisation des industries des marchés de l'énergie d'une part, les politiques publiques sectorielles dans lesquelles l'énergie joue un rôle important (bâtiments, action sociale, aménagement, climat, mobilité, etc.) d'autre part. Dans le premier cas, l'action des collectivités territoriales reste encore très limitée, du fait des réticences des acteurs traditionnels de la régulation du secteur. Dans le second cas, elle est plus forte, même si elle s'inscrit dans une perspective de mobilisation des territoires plus que de réel transfert de pouvoirs vers le local. Au final se dessine ainsi un nouveau modèle de gouvernance plus ouvert aux acteurs locaux que par le passé, mais qui atteste d'une décentralisation encore timide et sous forte contrainte.

Créés à partir de l'entre-deux-guerres, les syndicats d'énergie font partie des plus anciennes institutions intercommunales françaises. Régulièrement menacés de disparition, ils ont fait preuve d'une étonnante capacité de résistance en trouvant, tout au long de leur histoire, de nouveaux champs d'action pour se repositionner dans le paysage institutionnel local. Cet article revient sur cette trajectoire et montre comment, en l'espace d'un siècle, les syndicats ont entamé une double mutation. De structures très émiettées, ils se sont concentrés à l'échelle départementale. D'organisations centrées sur la gestion de l'électrification rurale, ils ont diversifié leurs domaines d'intervention, ce qui en fait aujourd'hui des acteurs importants de la transition énergétique et de l'équipement infrastructurel des territoires.

International audience ; This article discusses political struggles between metropolitan and rural areas in France over the past ten or so years, with regard to the control of public electricity distribution networks. In the context of energy transition, this infrastructure involves major stakes for local governments – stakes which are both financial (around 37 billion euros in assets, combined with several hundred million euros in royalties and various taxes) and related to public policy (planning, development of renewable energy sources and electro-mobility, smart cities, etc.). Its control is therefore a cause for many rivalries, as local authorities become more important players in the regulation of the energy sector. This paper presents these local geopolitical battles and shows how the action of metropolises is currently being obstructed by a very powerful rural lobby at local and national levels.

National audience ; Chercheur CNRS au LATTS et professeur de l'École, spécialisé notamment dans l'analyse des politiques publiques énergétiques, François-Mathieu Poupeau rappelle en quoi il est crucial d'intégrer les sciences humaines et sociales (comme la sociologie, la géographie ou les sciences politiques) dans les recherches sur les transitions énergétiques.

International audience ; Driven by many actors, the issue of energy decentralization has reappeared on the French political agenda. Celebrated in the past for its capacity to modernize and electrify territories, the centralized model now appears in crisis and is disputed for its inability to meet the new challenges of energy transition. On the contrary, local authorities are put forward, given the strengths they may have, in terms of knowledge of territories, proximity to citizens or synergy. Symbolizing this growing interest, the reference to "territories", to "local authorities", to "decentralization" has now become unavoidable in legal texts, giving rise to an abundant academic literature. There is a significant gap, in France, between this new rhetoric and the institutional reality, and the centralized model remains firmly established. We propose to explain this permanence by using a multilevel analysis approach mobilizing the concept of "policy networks". We first draw a mapping of the different forces involved in the issue of energy decentralization, highlighting ideas and interests they defend, as well as the resources they can mobilize. In a second part, we show how these different networks have shaped an institutional framework in which the role of local authorities remains highly controlled. In the energy industry sector, it is essentially reduced to the distribution segment. In other areas where energy is involved (housing, urban and regional planning, etc.), this role is more important, since local authorities are more perceived as allies by centralizing forces, able to territorialize the energy policy objectives they defend.

International audience ; This article discusses political struggles between metropolitan and rural areas in France over the past ten or so years, with regard to the control of public electricity distribution networks. In the context of energy transition, this infrastructure involves major stakes for local governments – stakes which are both financial (around 37 billion euros in assets, combined with several hundred million euros in royalties and various taxes) and related to public policy (planning, development of renewable energy sources and electro-mobility, smart cities, etc.). Its control is therefore a cause for many rivalries, as local authorities become more important players in the regulation of the energy sector. This paper presents these local geopolitical battles and shows how the action of metropolises is currently being obstructed by a very powerful rural lobby at local and national levels.

International audience ; Driven by many actors, the issue of energy decentralization has reappeared on the French political agenda. Celebrated in the past for its capacity to modernize and electrify territories, the centralized model now appears in crisis and is disputed for its inability to meet the new challenges of energy transition. On the contrary, local authorities are put forward, given the strengths they may have, in terms of knowledge of territories, proximity to citizens or synergy. Symbolizing this growing interest, the reference to "territories", to "local authorities", to "decentralization" has now become unavoidable in legal texts, giving rise to an abundant academic literature. There is a significant gap, in France, between this new rhetoric and the institutional reality, and the centralized model remains firmly established. We propose to explain this permanence by using a multilevel analysis approach mobilizing the concept of "policy networks". We first draw a mapping of the different forces involved in the issue of energy decentralization, highlighting ideas and interests they defend, as well as the resources they can mobilize. In a second part, we show how these different networks have shaped an institutional framework in which the role of local authorities remains highly controlled. In the energy industry sector, it is essentially reduced to the distribution segment. In other areas where energy is involved (housing, urban and regional planning, etc.), this role is more important, since local authorities are more perceived as allies by centralizing forces, able to territorialize the energy policy objectives they defend.

National audience ; Chercheur CNRS au LATTS et professeur de l'École, spécialisé notamment dans l'analyse des politiques publiques énergétiques, François-Mathieu Poupeau rappelle en quoi il est crucial d'intégrer les sciences humaines et sociales (comme la sociologie, la géographie ou les sciences politiques) dans les recherches sur les transitions énergétiques.

This article discusses political struggles between metropolitan and rural areas in France over the past 10 or so years, with regard to the control of public electricity distribution networks. In the context of energy transition, this infrastructure involves major stakes for local governments – stakes which are both financial (around 37 billion euros in assets, combined with several hundred million euros in royalties and various taxes) and related to public policy (planning, development of renewable energy sources and electro-mobility, smart cities, etc.). Its control is therefore a cause for many rivalries, as local authorities become more important players in the regulation of the energy sector. This paper presents these local geopolitical battles and shows how the action of metropolises is currently being obstructed by a very powerful rural lobby at local and national levels.