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1. Introduction -- 2. Peace building -- 3. State building -- 4. State formation in national peace transitions -- 5. Local government and state formation -- 6. The South African peace transition -- 7. Civic conflict -- 8. The local peace transition in South Africa -- 9. Conclusion.

This volume is a much-needed piece of the global puzzle of legal responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. The regional focus on constitutional law systems in Sub-Saharan Africa and their linkages to international law obligations offer a unique reference point, which will be of utmost importance for fostering an enhanced preparedness against similar future threats. The book is integral for understanding how the legal determinants of health unfold during pandemics. Pedro A. Villarreal, Senior Research Fellow, Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, Germany. This book explores the resilience of constitutional government in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, connecting and comparing perspectives from ten countries in sub-Saharan Africa to global trends. In emergency situations, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, a state has the right and duty under both international law and domestic constitutional law to take appropriate steps to protect the health and security of its population. Emergency regimes may allow for the suspension or limitation of normal constitutional government and even human rights. Those measures are not a license for authoritarian rule, but they must conform to legal standards of necessity, reasonableness, and proportionality that limit state action in ways appropriate to the maintenance of the rule of law in the context of a public health emergency. Bringing together established and emerging African scholars from ten countries, this book looks at the impact government emergency responses to the pandemic have on the functions of the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary, as well as the protection of human rights. It also considers whether and to what extent government emergency responses were consistent with international human rights law, in particular with the standards of legality, necessity, proportionality, and non-discrimination in the Siracusa Principles. Ebenezer Durojaye is Professor and Head of the Socio-Economic Rights Project in the Dullah Omar Institute for Constitutional Law, Governance and Human Rights, University of the Western Cape, South Africa. Derek M. Powell is Associate Professor of Law and Head of the Applied Constitutional Studies Project in the Dullah Omar Institute for Constitutional Law, Governance and Human Rights, University of the Western Cape, South Africa.

Numerous psychological findings have shown that mere exposure to ideas makes those ideas seem more true, a finding commonly referred to as the "illusory truth" effect (e.g. Hasheret al., 1977). In the presence of pervasive misinformation, this basic feature of cognition may undermine the functioning of a democratic society (Pennycook et al., 2018). However, genuine beliefs do not only produce judgments of truth, they also imply other beliefs and drive decision-making. Here, we sought to examine whether mere exposure to statements produces genuine beliefs by examining whether people draw inferences from statements after mere exposure. Surprisingly, and in contrast to familiarity-based accounts of the illusory truth effect (e.g. Dechene et al., 2010), we found that exposure to "premise" statements affected participants' truth ratings for novel "implied" statements. This "illusory implication" effect suggests that exposure to false statements has further-reaching impacts than previously thought and calls for a new mechanistic account of these effects.

There is a pressing need to inform the public and drive personal and political action to mitigate climate change. Recent theorizing suggests that people's intuitive theories may be key levers for affecting attitude and behavior change (Weisman & Markman, 2017). We asked 400 participants to estimate the probability of different future events related to climate change. Our findings indicate that people hold coherent theories of climate change, that these theories were predictive of policy positions, and that they varied across individuals and across partisan groups. In particular, political independents and Republicans's causal models underestimated the impacts of climate change. We also examined an educational intervention that explains a key mechanism of climate change (Ranney & Clark, 2016). Unfortunately, while the intervention increased mechanistic knowledge, it did not affect participants' beliefs about climate outcomes. Nevertheless, the coherence of participants' intuitive theories gives hope that other educational interventions could have meaningful and systematic effects on policy attitudes and political behaviors.

Résumé Cet article étudie l'impact de la crise financière globale en Afrique du Sud, et en particulier comment un système fédéral très centralisé a intégré la crise et lui a répondu. Les auteurs soutiennent que la crise globale et la récession qui a suivi ont exacerbé des problèmes structurels économiques de longue date, et que la réponse de l'État à la crise a une fois de plus souligné la nature fortement centralisée de l'organisation financière du pays. Une section de l'article explore l'impact de la crise financière sur l'économie et sur les trois niveaux de gouvernement. Une autre section étudie comment chaque niveau a répondu à la crise. Une dernière section évalue l'impact de ces réponses sur l'économie politique du pays et le fonctionnement du système fédéral, en concluant par une hypothèse sur les conséquences à long terme de la crise globale.

Chapter 1. Constitutional Resilience and the Covid-19 Pandemic (Derek Powell and Ebenezer Durojaye) -- Chapter 2. International Human Rights Norms and Standards on Derogation and Limitation of Rights during a Public Emergency (Adetoun Adebanjo and Ebenezer Durojaye) -- Chapter 3. Addressing Covid-19: A Test of Kenya's Constitutional and Democratic Resilience (Josephat Muuo Kilonzo and Balla Galma) -- Chapter 4. Covid-19 and Zambia's Constitutional Dilemma (Christopher Phiri) -- Chapter 5. Constitutional Resilience and Limitation of Rights under Covid-19 Response in South Sudan (Joseph Geng Akech) -- Chapter 6. The Covid-19 Pandemic and Constitutional Resilience in The Gambia (Satang Nabaneh and Basiru Bah) -- Chapter 7. Walking a Tightrope: Balancing Human Rights and Public Health Measures during the Covid-19 Pandemic in Nigeria (Olubayo Oluduro) -- Chapter 8. The Constitutionality of Legal Measures Taken by the Government of Mauritius in the Context of the Covid-19 Pandemic (Roopanand Mahadew) -- Chapter 9. Constitutional and Human Rights Issues Arising from Covid-19: Uganda's Youth in Context (Robert Doya Nanima) -- Chapter 10. The (Il)legality of Ghana's Covid-19 Emergency Response: A Commentary (Bright Nkrumah) -- Chapter 11. Constitutional and Human Rights Issues Arising from Covid-19 in South Africa (Robert Doya Nanima and Ebenezer Durojaye) -- Chapter 12. Zimbabwe's Response to Covid-19 and its Socio-economic Impact (Tinotenda Chidhawu).

In the new South Africa under the principle of 'co-operative government', the powers and functions of the three levels of government, national, provincial and local, were redefined as was the inter-relationship between them. The ensuing system of intergovernmental relations (IGR) has proven to be a complex and evolving one. The Constitution merely spells out an enabling framework for the development of a system of IGR and leaves the detail of the implementation to legislators and policy-makers. The volume provides a comprehensive analysis of IGR in South Africa. The authors encompass a broad study of intergovernmental fiscal relations, a wide-ranging commentary on the making of the Constitution, an in-depth treatment of the current instruments of IGR as well as a comparative study of IGR in multi-sphere systems. The book includes chapters on the significance of social dialogue between government and civil society in the management of IGR and on the settlement of intergovernmental disputes. (DÜI-Sbd)