Suchergebnisse

"Often provided in special schools and classes, special education has grown rapidly for decades. In contrast, since 2006, 106 countries around the world have ratified the UN-Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities, which mandates inclusive education, from early childhood to lifelong learning. A contemporary paradox found in many societies is that both school segregation and inclusive education are on the rise. The interdependencies between special education, general education and other institutions along with vested professional interests have thus far hindered the transformations needed to realize inclusive education for all." (author's abstract)

Disablement is a complex social phenomenon in contemporary societies, reflected in disability policies oriented towards contrasting paradigms. Fraught with ambivalence, disability raises dilemmas of classification and targeted supports. Paradoxical universalism emphasizes that to achieve universality requires recognizing individual dis/abilities and particular contextual conditions and barriers that disable. Myriad aspects of educational and disability policies challenge both conceptualization and realization of universal policies, such as compulsory schooling, with widespread exclusion or segregation prevalent. Resulting tensions between providing support and ubiquitous stigmatization and separation are endemic, and particularly evident during life course transitions that imply shifting memberships in institutions and organizations. Particularly visible among disabled youth, school-to-work transitions are fundamentally challenged by contrasting policies, institutional logics, and institutionalized organizations. Analyzing institutional logics facilitates understanding of the lack of coordination that hinders successful transitions. Examining such challenges in the United States and Switzerland, we compare their labor markets and federal governance structures and contrasting education, welfare, and employment systems. Whereas lacking inter-institutional coordination negatively impacts disabled young adults in the United States, Switzerland's robust vocational education and training system, while not a panacea, does provide more coordinated support during school-to-work transitions. These two countries provide relevant cases to examine ambivalence and contestation around the human right to inclusive education as well as the universality of the right (not) to work.

What activities facilitate the development of disability studies (DS)? What barriers hinder its (multi)disciplinary flourishing? We address these questions focusing on contemporary DS in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland—vibrant but challenging locales for DS. This multidisciplinary field engages intellectuals, activists, and stakeholders to subversively cross disciplinary, institutional, and political divides. Critical DS scholarship relies on collaboration among members of the disability (rights) movement, advocates, and academics to develop its subversive status. Within the academy, despite general barriers to transdisciplinary fields of study and persistent disability discrimination, more positions have been devoted to research and teaching in DS. Intersectionality debates thrive and further disciplines discover the richness that the complex subject of dis/ability offers. The field, recognizing its subversive status and engaging insights from DS worldwide—across language and disciplinary boundaries—could better focus and unfold its critical powers. The potential of DS in the German-speaking countries continues to grow, with diverse conferences, teaching, and publications bolstering the exchange of ideas.Keywords: disability studies, disciplines, discourse, social inequality, Germany, Austria, Switzerland

"Menschen mit Behinderungen sind häufig vom Erwerbsleben ausgeschlossen. Somit sind sie einem erhöhten Arbeitslosigkeits- und Armutsrisiko ausgesetzt. Das Fehlen qualifizierender Schulabschlüsse und Berufsausbildungen stellt eine zentrale Ursache für ihre Benachteiligung auf dem Arbeitsmarkt dar." (Autorenreferat)

Es wird die These vertreten, dass die durch ‚Bildungsarmut' verursachten Ausgrenzungsprozesse auf dem Arbeitsmarkt in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland insbesondere in den 1990er Jahren stark zugenommen haben. Zudem beschränken sich ihre Konsequenzen nicht nur auf den Arbeitsmarkt; sie finden auch in anderen Lebensbereichen, wie etwa der Familie, ihren Niederschlag. Auch hier zeichnet sich eine neue und tiefer werdende Spaltungslinie zwischen ‚bildungsarmen' und ‚gebildeten' Menschen ab. Die steigende Bedeutung der Bildung sowie die deutliche Zunahme der Bildungsbeteiligung der Bevölkerung hat eine veränderte, entwertete gesellschaftliche Stellung von Personen mit geringer Bildung hervorgerufen. Die Gelegenheitsstrukturen für gesellschaftliche Anerkennung sowie persönliche Weiterentwicklung von ‚Bildungsarmen' werden sich auch zukünftig weiter verschlechtern, da zu erwarten ist, dass Bildung einen immer größeren Stellenwert einnehmen wird. Die Beseitigung von ‚Bildungsarmut' bleibt die entscheidende gesellschaftspolitische Aufgabe des 21.Jahrhunderts. (GB)

Proposing an alternative to the American model, intergovernmental reform initiatives in Europe have developed and promote a comprehensive European model of skill formation. What ideals, standards, and governance are proposed in this new pan-European model? This model responds to heightened global competition among "knowledge societies" as it challenges national systems to improve. The authors thus compare this emergent European model with the historically influential models of Germany, France, Great Britain, and the United States. To what extent does the European model resemble these traditionally influential national models? The authors report findings of a theory-guided content analysis of official European policy documents in higher education and vocational training from 1998 to 2010. They find that while the European model is a bricolage that integrates diverse characteristics of influential models, the ambitious goals and standards codified in the twin Bologna and Copenhagen processes in higher education and vocational training offer a new model to compete internationally. Dozens of countries now seek to implement these principles. This comparative analysis finds different visions for the future of skill formation on both sides of the Atlantic.

Die USA, Deutschland, Frankreich und Grossbritannien stehen für jeweils unterschiedliche sowie international viel beachtete Modelle der Hochschul- und Berufsbildung. Es gibt keinen globalen Konsens darüber, welche Kriterien für den Erfolg nationaler Bildungssysteme gelten oder welchem Vorbild gefolgt werden soll. Gegenwärtige europäische Reformen, wie die Bologna- und der Kopenhagen-Prozesse, sollen die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit Europas im Vergleich zu den USA erhöhen. Doch auf welchen zentralen Vorstellungen basiert das in diesen Prozessen verbreitete, im Entstehen begriffene europäische Bildungsmodell? Mit einer Inhaltsanalyse europäischer Dokumente (Deklarationen und Kommuniqués) gehen wir der Frage nach, ob die Ideale, Ziele, Legitimationen und Standards dieses Modells eher auf eine Amerikanisierung oder auf eine bricolage verschiedener aus Europa stammender Modelle hindeuten.

Proposing an alternative to the American model, intergovernmental reform initiatives in Europe have developed and promote a comprehensive European model of skill formation. What ideals, standards, and governance are proposed in this new pan-European model? This model responds to heightened global competition among "knowledge societies" as it challenges national systems to improve. The authors thus compare this emergent European model with the historically influential models of Germany, France, Great Britain, and the United States. To what extent does the European model resemble these traditionally influential national models? The authors report findings of a theory-guided content analysis of official European policy documents in higher education and vocational training from 1998 to 2010. They find that while the European model is a bricolage that integrates diverse characteristics of influential models, the ambitious goals and standards codified in the twin Bologna and Copenhagen processes in higher education and vocational training offer a new model to compete internationally. Dozens of countries now seek to implement these principles. This comparative analysis finds different visions for the future of skill formation on both sides of the Atlantic.

"Bologna und Kopenhagen zielen beide auf größere Durchlässigkeit in (Aus-) Bildungssystemen und damit auf größere soziale Mobilität. Frankreich, Deutschland und Österreich reagieren auf diese europäischen Prozesse unterschiedlich. Die Beharrungskräfte sind stark; von einer einfachen Konvergenz kann man nicht sprechen. Die europäischen Prozesse haben ein großes Potenzial, Reformen erhöhter Durchlässigkeit zu unterstützen." [Autorenreferat]

This exploratory study is devoted in equal measure to the status quo and the future perspectives of the internationalisation of dual study programmes, a special hybrid form of vocational training and higher education developed in Germany. Building on the earlier DAAD studies 'Sachstand: Duales Studium als Exportmodell' (Maschke 2012) and 'Modelle und Szenarien für den Export deutscher Studienangebote ins Ausland' (Schreiterer and Witte 2001; see also DAAD/HRK 2012), the authors examine both the degree of internationalisation of existing dual study programmes in Germany (with special emphasis on students' geographical mobility) and the possibilities and limits of systematically transferring this emergent educational model to selected countries. Two recent trends have helped put issues of internationalisation and the transfer of German education concepts higher up on the policy agenda again: first, the current economic situation in Germany, which has remained robust despite the recent financial and economic turmoil, reflected most importantly in comparatively low levels of youth unemployment. Dual vocational education and training models are seen as a key factor contributing to this success. Second, the concept of dual studies reflects an emergent model of skill formation at the nexus of initial vocational training and tertiary education. This innovative hybrid form is seen as having the potential to play a crucial role in the development of competencies for twenty-first-century occupations, not least against the backdrop of the pressing skills gap.

Educational systems considerably influence educational opportunities and the resulting social inequalities. Contrasting institutional regulations of both structures and contents, the authors present a typology of educational system types in Germany to analyze their effects on social inequality in eastern Germany after unification. After 1990, the comprehensive secondary school was replaced by three types of differentiated secondary schooling. In this unique field experiment of model transfer and institutional change in a federal country, reforms in these state educational systems—all originally of a uniform socialist type—led to participation rates rising to western enrollment levels, yet with substantial state-level differences. These are attributable to the divergence of educational systems reformed according to contrasting western German models. These types substantially and differentially generate intergenerational inequalities. The authors chart the sharp and significant effects of education policy reforms and societal transformation following German unification.

"Even today, school segregation continues to be understood as legitimate in Germany. Charting the discourse of learning disability provides insights into special education's development as a segregated, independent system of school types and the resulting legitimacy that contributes to the maintenance of school segregation throughout educational systems in Germany. We focus on learning disability discourse and knowledge, the special education profession, and the expansion of its main school type, the support school (Hilfsschule), from around 1900 to today. The special education profession exhibits not only junctures but also remarkable historical continuity. As delineated here, a key factor in the continued growth of special education is the authority of the profession with respect to 'learning disability' and the discourse that continues to legitimate the classification of pupils as 'learning disabled' and the resulting segregated schooling." (author's abstract)

Gleicher Zugang zu Bildung für alle: Das fordert die UN-Konvention über die Rechte behinderter Menschen, die 2009 verbindlich für Deutschland wird. Mit dem deutschen Sonderschulsystem, das
fast alle Schüler mit besonderem Förderbedarf aufnimmt, ist Chancengleichheit nicht gewährleistet.
80 Prozent der Abgänger von Sonderschulen erhalten keinen qualifizierenden Abschluss. Beispiele aus dem In- und Ausland zeigen, dass inklusiver Unterricht erfolgversprechender ist.