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Social and political history of the origins of the Socialist party of Argentina towards the beginning of the century until the enactment of the electoral law Sáenz Peña

AbstractIn recent years, scholars doing research on the anticommunist and social democratic tradition developed an interpretation in which socialist internationalism is portrayed not as opposed to nationalism but instead as complementary. This allowed them to move away from older perspectives and to examine the main features of international cooperation among socialists in a more positive light. Its substantial and convincing contributions notwithstanding, this literature also displays important shortcomings. Not only does it minimize the challenge that nationalism did pose to transnational solidarities; it is also too focused on Europe and therefore overlooks a more serious limit to internationalism, namely a perspective that proclaimed a principle of color-blind solidarity among all peoples of the world but in practice built a much more limited transnational community of workers either born in Europe or of European descent. This article engages with these historiographical trends and complicates our knowledge of socialist internationalism in the 1920s by exploring a unique and underresearched event, the "World Migration Congress," held in London in 1926 and jointly organized by the International Federation of Trade Unions and the Labour and Socialist International, the main transnational networks of trade unionists and political parties of the social democratic tradition. Drawing on the idea that international organizations and meetings can be used as "observation points" for studying global history, the article uses the prolegomena to, the preparations for, and the discussions of this congress as a lens to understand the stances of socialist parties and reformist trade unions regarding the question of migration in the 1920s, explaining to what extent, and for what reason, they have changed in comparison with the prewar period. Moreover, it shows that the stances on migration were intertwined in many ways with socialist and labor perspectives on colonialism and condescending views of the "colored peoples" of the world.

Abstract
The last fifteen years witnessed a remarkable revitalization in the field of Second International historiography. This renewed literature put forward different approaches and perspectives, as the interest for the history of social democracy draws on academic as well as political considerations. Whereas an important trend of this revitalization came from studies that focused on social and cultural aspects, this review explores two recent volumes published by North American authors that propose a different, and explicitly political, approach towards the history of social democracy in the years of the Second International.

The split in the Second International in 1914 dramatically expressed the insurmountable limits of its proclaimed internationalism. Surprising though they were to many contemporary observers, the events of the summer of that year were the result of pre-existing tensions that were long hidden behind radically worded compromise resolutions in the congresses of the International. In general, these pre-existing tensions had been assessed with a focus on the question of militarism, the colonial question and even the problems of patriotism and nationalism. Less attention, in relative terms, has been paid to the question of migrations, even though it was an important debate of the first decade of the 20th century. Drawing upon a wide range of secondary literature, socialist newspapers from different countries and archive materials of the Second International, this paper will explore the debates of the Amsterdam (1904) and especially the Stuttgart (1907) congresses, against the background of the ideas and development of the different socialist parties, particularly those of countries and regions of immigration such as Argentina, the United States, Australia and South Africa. More generally, it seeks to draw some conclusions about the tensions that have crossed the global history of the working class in terms of nationalism and racism.

Following a proposal submitted by the Argentine Socialist Party, the Amsterdam (1904) and Stuttgart (1907) congresses of the Second International discussed the question of international migrations. The Argentine draft resolution sparked an international debate that went far beyond the local concerns that had originated the initial proposal. The 'migration question' proved to be a core concern that threaded together very important political problems for the International, for which socialist parties of different countries had divergent solutions, because the situations and contexts they faced at the local level were very different. As was the case with debates on militarism and colonialism, the migration question showed that, behind the principled positions and a practice of internationalist sociability, the Second International showed tensions that divided national parties. Drawing upon extensive secondary bibliography, socialist newspapers from different countries and archival materials of the Second International, this article presents some first conclusions on this important aspect of the international history of socialism, little explored in Spanish. It does so by reviewing the debates of the Amsterdam and, above all, the Stuttgart congresses, but also contextualizing them with the situation and the approaches of different national parties.

Fundada en 1970, la International Association of Labour History Institutions (IALHI) es una red internacional que nuclea bibliotecas, archivos, museos y centros de investigación de los cinco continentes. El objetivo de este trabajo es caracterizar a la IALHI y a las actividades que realiza, en el contexto más general de la historia de las instituciones, archivos y bibliotecas dedicadas a la historia del movimiento obrero y las izquierdas y de sus relaciones internacionales.

Social and political history of the origins of the Socialist party of Argentina towards the beginning of the century until the enactment of the electoral law Sáenz Peña

Social and political history of the origins of the Socialist party of Argentina towards the beginning of the century until the enactment of the electoral law Sáenz Peña.