Suchergebnisse

Madura can be seen as a microcosm of Indonesia as a whole through the various livelihoods of the Madurese people. Madura consists of people living along coastlines and this can be considered as representative of most Indonesian people. The primary occupations of the Madurese people are that of salt farmers and fishermen. Salt as a commercial business is cultivated by the community, is mostly located along the eastern and southern coastlines of Madura, and is adjusted to various circumstances, including lower rainfall in the area. During the rainy season, salt ponds are turned into shrimp ponds and farmers' occupations change accordingly. The job of a salt farmer is not trouble-free. Problems arise from the erratic and uncertain climate and there are also threats of price instability and imported salt. Farmers are forced to accept such circumstances. This study contributes to the literature by exploring how the livelihood of salt farmers is representative of Indonesian's maritime characteristics. Ironically, this sector has been increasingly abandoned and has become less desirable, though it plays a strategic industrial role in Indonesia. This study employed a qualitative method and determined its sample using the purposive sample technique. The informants were permanent salt farmers, salt farmers who also worked as shrimp farmers, and salt farmers who completely shifted to shrimp farming. This research was conducted in Lapak Daya, Dungkek, Sumenep. The findings showed that most salt farmers shifted their occupations to shrimp farmers because they considered it to be more profitable. However, some salt farmers who continued to survive in salt farming worked both as salt farmers and shrimp farmers. It was also found that salt farmers generally came from outside Madura, while those from Madura preferred changing their livelihood to farming shrimp due to the higher yields and the fact that the farming does not depend on seasonal changes. Although the number of salt farmers continues to decrease, there are some salt farmers who keep their occupation permanently.

Pesantren is an institution for learning, moral formation, and missionary endea-vor. In Madura, pesantren and kiai are essential elements that could not be separated from the life of the Madurese. Both have become the lifeblood of the Madurese. Being a kiai has its own image in Madura. A kiai is often considered a sacred figure who is always enlightening, who has words and behavior that deserves to be emulated. Inevitably, in Madura they have a lot of mass and followers, which in turn the realms of belief in kiai switch from that of the religious to political nuances in nature. This paper examines how the function of pesantren as a center for religious studies has shifted: from the role of pesantren which is religious nuances to that of more political nuances. From the sample of pesantren in Madura, precisely in three districts (Bangkalan, Pamekasan, and Sumenep) the study found various responses of the function shift of pesantren. In general, although there are some who question kiai involvement in the political sphere, the vast majority of the community supports kiai's involvement in politics.This fact can be understood because Madurese still position kiai as a major figure and model, thus the involvement of kiai in politics is expected to change the negative image of politics.Copyright (c) 2015 by KARSA. All right reservedDOI: 10.19105/karsa.v23i2.719

Pesantren is an institution for learning, moral formation, and missionary endea-vor. In Madura, pesantren and kiai are essential elements that could not be separated from the life of the Madurese. Both have become the lifeblood of the Madurese. Being a kiai has its own image in Madura. A kiai is often considered a sacred figure who is always enlightening, who has words and behavior that deserves to be emulated. Inevitably, in Madura they have a lot of mass and followers, which in turn the realms of belief in kiai switch from that of the religious to political nuances in nature. This paper examines how the function of pesantren as a center for religious studies has shifted: from the role of pesantren which is religious nuances to that of more political nuances. From the sample of pesantren in Madura, precisely in three districts (Bangkalan, Pamekasan, and Sumenep) the study found various responses of the function shift of pesantren. In general, although there are some who question kiai involvement in the political sphere, the vast majority of the community supports kiai's involvement in politics.This fact can be understood because Madurese still position kiai as a major figure and model, thus the involvement of kiai in politics is expected to change the negative image of politics.Copyright (c) 2015 by KARSA. All right reservedDOI: 10.19105/karsa.v23i2.719

Sexual violence during dating is a serious issue. The increased sexual violence during dating demonstrates that this phenomenon is becoming increasingly dangerous. This study investigates the gender relationship between perpetrators and victims of sexual violence during dating among university students. This study employed a mixed method. This study included 404 male and female students who had experienced sexual violence as respondents. This study discovered various types of sexual violence that occurred in the context of a loving relationship pattern. The perpetrators tend to control and manipulate the victim, making them want to do whatever they want. The victim loved the perpetrator excessively and was forced to serve the perpetrator's sexual desires as a form of attention and love for the partner, even though the victim was undergoing psychological treatment. Love is transformed into a "desire to have," causing the individual to lose himself. The subject has become an object as a result of the dating relationship. The perpetrator was repeatedly abused and was very possessive of their partner. The perpetrator did not consider their partner as a subject but rather as an object for negative emotions that significantly impacted the victim. Repeated sexual violence indicates a dating relationship that leads to a controlling relationship. This occurs because the perpetrator's hegemony over the victim is carried out persuasively by convincing the victim to approve of the perpetrator's actions.