Suchergebnisse

The study of population movements and cultural interaction, both large- and small-scale, has been increasingly important for understanding past societies and the archaeological remains of their material culture. As the result of long-term social and ideological practices in life and death, consumption and deposition patterns in the archaeological record are essential for viewing changes in cultural identities brought about by contact with other groups. In the Early Iron Age, groups of people we call "Phoenicians" set forth to various regions around the Mediterranean Sea and established predominantly colonial connections with local populations. While Phoenician presence is attested on the island of Crete, the available evidence does not reflect common trends in the archaeological remains of Phoenician colonial activity. Consequently, many debates exist on how to classify the interactions of Phoenicians and Cretans in the Early Iron Age. A reexamination of archaeological data associated with the Phoenician presence on Crete, however, provides an opportunity to test new theoretical models of transnational social interaction. In this article I suggest that the modern concept of minor transnationalism may be a useful tool to view this case of ancient cultural contact. In particular, I examine two examples of sanctuaries and cemeteries on Crete where Phoenician interactions with local populations have produced evidence for transnational spaces, which are created by the interconnections between agents of two liminal groups. By applying a modern theory to ancient evidence, this article will help expand the historical scope of transnationalism beyond strictly modern perspectives. In short, the application of transnationalism to the ancient past will provide a more transhistorical perspective on cultural contact.

Most studies of the Greek oil and wine industry focus either on the Late Bronze Age or the Classical Period, rarely mentioning the Early Iron Age (so often cast as a Dark Age) between the two. This dissertation attempts to fill this gap by investigating evidence for the continuity of a surplus economy between the Late Bronze Age and the Archaic period. Specifically, I examine what type of oil and wine economy existed in the Late Bronze Age (LBA), how this economy continued into the Early Iron Age (EIA), and how the Early Archaic period built upon these previously established, though smaller-scale, socio-economic networks. Using data on the production, distribution, and consumption of large ceramic liquid transport containers, this study examines how the interaction between oil and wine manufacturers and central authority changed or remained constant during these periods of Greek antiquity. The first chapter puts transport containers into a context of oil and wine production in the LBA by discussing the available archaeological and written evidence. This in-depth look at the importance of wine and oil in the LBA sets the stage for the following chapters. The second chapter focuses on the most popular Greek transport jar of the LBA, the transport stirrup jar (TSJ). An examination of the production strategies of TSJs, their distribution throughout the Mediterranean, and their patterns of deposition within different regions, suggests that TSJs functioned within a commercial economy fueled by the palatial system, but by no means entirely controlled within it. Chapter Three of this dissertation discusses the ensuing Postpalatial period on Crete and the Greek mainland when the TSJ shape was slowly abandoned while the technologically simpler and more convenient amphora shape was adopted as the primary bulk liquid transport container. Although the earlier part of the Protogeometric period has generally been regarded as one of isolation, the data presented in the fourth chapter on the North Aegean amphora (NAA) instead suggests that production became highly regionalized, concentrated in central Greece, Thessaly, and eventually the Thermaic Gulf. In addition, trade networks seem to have survived, continuing to link Greece with Asia Minor and eventually the central Mediterranean. In the ensuing Early Archaic period, the southern Greek response to the northern Greek NAA was the SOS amphora. Chapter Five discusses the importance of this amphora within a burgeoning socio-economic network that included not only Greeks and their colonies, but foreign agents as well. The results of this research suggest that despite dramatic social and economic changes in the EIA, certain Greek societies maintained a level of surplus production of these two critical commodities and participated in an external commercial network. On a broader level, this dissertation addresses some larger problems concerning the relationship between economic organization and political hierarchy, especially in periods of dramatic political change.

This thesis is a feminist reading of the work of Henry Handel Richardson (1870-1946), which considers her four major novels: Maurice Guest (1908), The Getting of Wisdom (1910), The Fortunes of Richard Mahony (1930), and The Young Cosima (1939). It proposes that Richardson foregrounds the work of gender ideology in her novels, and that her work is also conscious about its own fictional procedures. This thesis argues that Richardson consciously examines the ideological aspect of narrative modes, such as naturalism, the Bildungsroman, and popular romance. Moreover, it illustrates her attempts to invent narrative strategies which subvert the conventional assumptions about gender inherent in those forms. "Gender Ideology and Narrative Form" draws on recent theoretical approaches to narrative, ideology, subjectivity, and dialogism, to argue that Richardson makes the ideological shaping of her stories most visible through manipulations of genre, plot, narrative voice, and point of view. Aspects of ideology examined include the Victorian and late-Victorian equation of masculinity with public rationality, mind, public achievement, and genius: and, on the other hand, the association of femininity with the body, passion, and private or domestic spaces. The thesis also considers some of the values and assumptions about gender implicit in nineteenth-century scientific thinking. Henry Handel Richardson has been viewed as a conservative writer, in both aesthetic and political terms. By contrast, I suggest that she resists the moral and representational codes of the realist or naturalist form, and that her uncompromising oppositional strategy achieves a number of radical results. It exposes and criticises the masculinist bias of certain representational methods; it offers new ways of representing female experience; and it insists that the private sphere must be treated also as a political space in which crucial power relationships are at work. My approach to Henry Handel Richardson's fiction opens new ways to see her work as ...

Maritime Matters : Shipwrecks and Harbours -- Connectivity, Seaborne Trade and Maritime Transport Containers -- Maritime Transport Containers -- Discussion: Maritime Transport Containers, Bulk Transport and Mediterranean Trade -- Conclusions: MTCs and Mediterranean Connectivity -- Appendix A: Volumetric Analysis and Capacity Measurements of Selected MTCs

Introduction • Tobacco is the leading cause of preventable disease and death in the U.S. Demographics • Approximately 90% of current smokers starting smoking before age 182 • Earlier age of tobacco use initiation associated with lower rates of smoking cessation • The proposed Tobacco 21 bill (T21) would raise the minimum legal age of sales to 21, creating the opportunity to reduce tobacco use initiation • Within five years of implementing the nation's first T21 bill in 2005, the 30-day smoking rate in Needham, MA dropped from 13% to 7% • Recently in Vermont, the age of gun sales was raised to 21, the age of marijuana possession was set to 21, and the Burlington City Council resolved to recommend the age of tobacco products sales be raised to 21 Objectives • Understand why T21 has been unable to pass in Vermont to date • Understand the current view of T21 held by Vermont legislators • Identify opportunities and barriers to implementing T21 in Vermont ; https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/comphp_gallery/1271/thumbnail.jpg

On August 1, 2018, the Democratic Republic of the Congo declared its tenth Ebola virus disease outbreak. To aid the epidemiologic response, the Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale implemented an end-to-end genomic surveillance system, including sequencing, bioinformatic analysis, and dissemination of genomic epidemiologic results to frontline public health workers. We report 744 new genomes sampled between July 27, 2018 and April 27, 2020 generated by this surveillance effort. Together with previously available sequence data (n = 48 genomes), these data represent almost 24% of all laboratory-confirmed Ebola virus infections in DRC in the analyzed period. We inferred spatiotemporal transmission dynamics from the genomic data as new sequences were generated and disseminated the results to support epidemiologic response efforts. Here, we provide an overview of how this genomic surveillance system functioned, present a full phylodynamic analysis of 792 Ebola genomes from the Nord Kivu outbreak, and discuss how the genomic surveillance data informed response efforts and public health decision-making.

During the 2018-2020 Nord Kivu Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, an individual who had received the Merck rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine was diagnosed with EVD. His treatment included an Ebola virus-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb114), and he recovered within 14 days but re-presented six months later with severe EVD-like illness and Ebola virus viremia and died. We initiated an epidemiological and genomic investigation that showed the patient had a relapse of acute EVD, which led to a transmission chain that resulted in 91 cases spanning six health zones over four-months.