Suchergebnisse

El artículo analiza el proyecto de reforma a la Ley 30 de 1992, propuesta por el Gobierno Nacional y llama la atención sobre la ausencia en el debate del tema de la autonomía universitaria teniendo en cuenta los desarrollos jurisprudenciales de la Corte Constitucional expone argumentos orientados a demostrar la viabilidad y pertinencia de una ley estatutaria para esta materia, en perspectiva de entender la educación superior como un derecho y un bien público. / Abstract. The article analyzes the law 30 / 1992 Reform Proposal, put forth by the National Government and is interested in the absence in the debate of the topic of university autonomy, taking into account the Constitutional Court´s developments based on previous court resolutions, arguments oriented towards demonstrating the viability and pertinence of a statutory law in this subject are presented, in perspective of understanding higher education as a right are presented, in perspective of understanding higher education as a right and a public asset.

El artículo asume como marco el ejercicio de la autonomía plena, por parte de las universidades públicas y privadas. Esto supone una normativa legal que, por estar orientada a la regulación de un derecho fundamental y un servicio público, reclama del Congreso la expedición de una ley estatutaria: una ley que debe garantizar las condiciones necesarias para el desarrollo de instituciones que deben cumplir sus objetivos, sin interferencia de los poderes públicos, pero articulada a la sociedad. Se propone un articulado diseñado para desarrollar el tema de la institucionalidad desde la realización del derecho fundamental a la educación superior, en un marco de pleno respeto y garantía de la autonomía que se les reconoce constitucionalmente a las instituciones habilitadas para ofrecerlo. / Within the frame of full autonomy recognition for public and private universities, enactment of a new statutory law is requested from the Colombian Congress to support institutional provision of higher education integrated to societal aims, out of cooptation by governmental agencies. This new law should be supported by fundamental rights recognition to attain higher education, as a common good as well as a public service to be provided by appropriate and duly recognized educational organizations.

La investigación realizada por la Fundación Servicios Integrales para la Mujer Si-Mujer con el auspicio de COLCIENCIAS-BID examina la situación de un grupo de mujeres con embarazo por violación, donde se documentan las características de la violación, sus efectos sobre las víctimas y sus familias, los datos socio-demográficos de las sobrevivientes, el impacto sufrido por ellas al darse cuenta del embarazo, así como el contexto en el cual se produjo la violación y la decisión tomada frente al mismo. A partir de una revisión de los avances en la conceptualización de la violencia de género y el reconocimiento de la violencia intrafamiliar y las violencias sexuales como violación de los Derechos Humanos y problema de salud pública, las investigadoras (María Ladi Londoño, Bertha Ortiz, Ana Milena Gil, Ana María Jaramillo, Natalia Pineda y Raúl Castro), señalan como, debido a las denuncias y exigencias del feminismo y del movimiento social de mujeres, en las últimas décadas a nivel internacional ha surgido una preocupación por la violencia contra las mujeres y las violencias sexuales. Preocupación que ha sido recogida por la Organización de Naciones Unidas (ONU) al considerar que la violencia contra la mujer abarca la violencia física, sexual y sicológica que se produzca en familia, la perpetrada dentro de la comunidad en general o tolerada por el Estado dondequiera que ocurra, Ante el aumento de la violencia sexual, la ONU conmina a los gobiernos a afirmar la dignidad de la mujer como cuestión prioritaria, a intensificar la asistencia a las víctimas, crear conciencia pública sobre la violencia contra la mujer como un problema social y adoptar las políticas y medidas legislativas para prevenirla y combatirla. Analizan la Ley 360 de 1997 que castiga los delitos contra la libertad sexual y la dignidad humana, con la cual Colombia cumplió con compromisos internacionales que comprometen a los estados a reformar sus legislaciones teniendo en cuenta la violencia de género.

In this article, we address the question of why employees may resist or support any aspect of diversity management. More specifically, we propose a dynamic model that explains how and why specific social identities triggered by diversity management influence employees appraisals of diversity management, in turn eliciting specific emotions and specific behavioral responses such as resistance or support to various implementations of diversity management policies and practices. We rely on Intergroup Emotion Theory (IET) as the overarching theoretical framework, which draws from Social Identity Theory (SIT) and appraisal theories of emotion. The contribution of our model is to provide an additional lens to the diversity literature, moving from emotive reactions to diversity to emotional yet rational responses, which may be further understood via the iterative nature of the model. We discuss implications for future research.

11 páginas,7 figuras, 2 tablas, i apéndice. ; † Background and Aims Relationships between autumn flowering, precipitation and temperature of plant species of Mediterranean coastal shrublands have been described, but not analysed experimentally. These relationships were analysed for two species of co-occurring, dominant, autumn-flowering shrubs, Globularia alypum and Erica multi- flora, over 4 years and in experimentally generated drought and warming conditions. The aim was to improve predictions about the responses and adaptations of flowering of Mediterranean vegetation to climate change. †Methods Beginning of anthesis and date of maximum flowering intensity ('peak date') were monitored over 4 years (2001–2004) on a garrigue land type in the noth-east of the Iberian Peninsula. Two experimental treatments were applied, increased temperature (þ0.738C) and reduced soil moisture (–17%) relative to untreated plots. †Key Results Flowering of Globularia alypum and Erica multiflora differed greatly between years depending on the precipitation of the previous months and the date of the last substantial rainfall (.10 mm). Globularia alypum flowered once or twice (unimodal or bimodal) as the result of differences in the distribution and magnitude of precipitation in late-spring and summer (when floral buds develop). The drought treatment delayed and decreased flowering of Globularia alypum in 2001 and delayed flowering in 2002. Warming extended the period between the beginning of flowering and the end of the second peak for autumn flowering in 2001 and also increased peak intensity in 2002. Flowering of Erica multiflora was unaffected by either treatment. †Conclusions Autumn flowering of Globularia alypum and Erica multiflora is more dependent on water availability than on temperature. Considerable inter-annual plasticity in the beginning of anthesis and peak date and on unimodal or bimodal flowering constitutes a 'safe strategy' for both species in relation to varying precipitation and temperature. However, severe changes in precipitation in spring and summer may severely affect flowering of Globularia alypum but not Erica multiflora, thus affecting development/structure of the ecosystem if such conditions persist. ; This research was funded by the EU under the projects CLIMOOR (Contract ENV4-CT97-0694) and VULCAN (Contract EVK2-CT-2000–00094), and we also received financial help from the Spanish Government (grants CGL2004–1402/BOS and CGL2006–04025/ BOS), the Catalan Government (SGR2005–00312), the European project ALARM (Contract 506675), and the Fundacio´n Banco Bilbao Vizcaya 2004 grant. ; Peer reviewed

11 páginas, 6 tablas, 2 figuras. ; In an evergreen Mediterranean shrubland we conducted a 6-year field experiment simulating the warming and drought projected by general circulation models and ecophysiological models for the next decades: 20% reduction of soil moisture and 1 C of temperature increase. We tested whether warming and drought have effects on Ca, Fe, Mg, Mo, Na and S availability, concentrations and accumulation patterns in the three dominant plant species and in soil. Warming increased concentrations of Ca and Mo in leaves in Erica multiflora (42% and 65%, respectively) and in Dorycnium pentaphyllum (38% and 60%, respectively). Warming increased Mo accumulation in leaves and aboveground biomass in Globularia alypum (0.07 and 0.40 g ha 1 ) and in E. multiflora (0.12 and 0.4 g ha 1 ), and increased Fe accumulation in stem biomass of G. alypum (600 g ha 1 ), increasing the capacity to retain these nutrients in the ecosystem. The increase of Fe and Mo capture capacity under warming conditions was greater in G. alypum than in E. multiflora coinciding with its greater increases in photosynthetic capacity. Warming decreased soil total-Fe concentration by 24% and increased Mg accumulation in soil exchange complex by 19%. Drought increased Na leaf and stem concentrations (93% and 50%, respectively) and accumulation in leaf and aboveground biomass (780 and 800 g ha 1 , respectively) in G. alypum, allowing an increase of osmotic pressure which helps to prevent water losses and is related to its capacity to resist drought. Drought reduced S leaf and Mg leaf-litter concentrations of G. alypum and increased them in leaves of E. multiflora and also increased Mo and Na concentrations in leaves of D. pentaphyllum. Drought increased Fe soil solubility by 65%. The results indicate different effects of climate change on nutrient status in the ecosystem depending on whether the main change is warming or drought. The changes in concentration and biomass accumulation were different depending on the nutrient and the species, changing the stoichiometry among these nutrients and modifying the nutritional quality of plant tissues. ; This research was supported by Spanish Government projects CGL2004-01402/BOS, and CGL2006-0425/BOS, the Catalan Government project (SGR2005-00312), the European project ALARM (contract 506675) and NITROEUROPE (contract GOCE017841), and a Fundacio´n BBVA 2004 grant. ; Peer reviewed

13 páginas, 7 figuras. ; We studied the effects of experimental warming and drought on the plant biomass of a Mediterranean shrubland. We monitored growth at plant level and biomass accumulation at stand level. The experimentation period stretched over 7 years (1999–2005) and we focused on the two dominant shrub species, Erica multiflora L. and Globularia alypum L. and the tree species Pinus halepensis L. The warming treatment increased shoot elongation in E. multiflora, and the drought treatment reduced shoot elongation in G. alypum. The elongation of P. halepensis remained unaffected under both treatments. The balance between the patterns observed in biomass accumulation for the three studied species in the drought plots (reduction in E. multiflora and P. halepensis and increase in G. alypum) resulted in a trend to reduce 33% the biomass of the drought treatment plots with respect to the untreated plots, which almost doubled their biomass from 1998 to 2005. The results also suggest that under drier conditions larger accumulation of dead biomass may occur at stand level, which combined with higher temperatures, may thus increase fire risk in the Mediterranean area. ; This research was funded by the EU under the projects CLIMOOR (Contract ENV4-CT97-0694) and VULCAN(Contract EVK2-CT-2000-00094) and we also received additional financial help from the Spanish Government (grants CGL2006-04025/BOS and Consolider Montes CSD2008- 00040), the Catalan Government (grant SGR2005-00312) and FP6 NEU NITROEUROPE (Contract GOCE017841). ; Peer reviewed

14 páginas, 12 figuras, 2 tablas. ; Plant community recovery (species richness, diversity and composition) of a post-fire Mediterranean shrubland was monitored over a seven year period (1998 2005) under experimental drought and warming that simulated the environmental conditions forecast for this area in the coming decades. Species richness and Shannon's index were positively correlated with accumulated precipitation in the growing season and both variables were negatively affected by reduced water availability in drought plots. The relative abundance of the different species in both treatments was linearly correlated with their relative abundance in control plots. Moreover, we found species-specific responses to treatments. Drought and warming treatment reduced the competitive ability of the obligate seeder tree Pinus halepensis against native resprouter shrubs and consequently, the transformation from shrub to pine tree dominated vegetation was slowed down. Conversely, the water use strategy of Globularia alypum may allow this species to maintain a dominant position in drought plots. Therefore, future drier and warmer conditions in Mediterranean areas may severely affect plant community recovery after a disturbance, due to the existence of both abundance-dependent and species-specific responses that may change inter-specific competitive relationships. ; This research was funded by EU under the projects CLIMOOR (Contract ENV4-CT97-0694) and VULCAN (Contract EVK2- CT-2000-00094) and we also received financial help from the Spanish Government (grants CGL2006-04025/BOS and Consolider MONTES CSD2008-00040), the Catalan Government (grant SGR2005-00312), the European project ALARM (Contract 506675), and the Fundacio´n Banco Bilbao Vizcaya 2004 grant. ; Peer reviewed

11 páginas, 5 figuras. ; We conducted a night-time warming and drought field experiment for 7 years (1999–2005) in a Mediterranean shrubland. We focused on the two dominant shrub species, Erica multiflora L. and Globularia alypum L. and the tree Pinus halepensis L. and the final years to study the effects of the experimental night-time warming and drought on Fv/Fm, photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance. Warming treatment increased mean air temperature and mean soil temperature through the years by an average of 0.7 and 0.9 C respectively, and drought treatment reduced soil moisture through the years by an average of 19%. Warming tended to increase photosynthetic rates in E. multiflora, G. alypum and P. halepensis mostly in the cold seasons, when plants were more limited by temperature, as shown by the lowest values of Fv/Fm being detected in winter in the three studied species. A negative effect of warming was only detected for E. multiflora in summer 2003. Drought treatment generated different responses of net photosynthetic rates depending on the species, season and year. Stomatal conductance showed the same pattern as photosynthesis for the three studied species, displaying seasonal and inter-annual variability, although with an overall negative effect of drought for P. halepensis. Photosynthetic rates decreased significantly in the dry winter 2005 and spring 2005 in comparison to the same seasons of 2003 and 2004. There were positive correlations between the photosynthetic rates in different seasons for E. multiflora, G. alypum and P. halepensis and the soil moisture of the week prior to measurements. The great variation in the photosynthetic rates was thus explained in a significant part by soil moisture levels. The lowest Fv/Fm values usually corresponded with lowest stomatal conductances suggesting that drought stress could be associated to stress by low temperatures in winter. ; This research was funded by the EU under the projects CLIMOOR (Contract ENV4-CT97-0694) and VULCAN (Contract EVK2-CT- 2000-00094) and we also received additional financial help from the Spanish Government (grants CGL2006-04025/BOS and Consolider Montes CSD2008-00040), the Catalan Government (SGR2005- 00312), and the European project FP6 NEU NITROEUROPE (Contract GOCE017841). ; Peer reviewed

11 páginas, 7 tablas, 5 figuras. ; The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of ground-based canopy reflectance measurements to detect changes in physiology and structure of vegetation in response to experimentalwarming and drought treatment at six Europeanshrublands located alongaNorth–Southclimaticgradient. We measured canopy reflectance, effective green leaf area index (green LAIe) and chlorophyll fluorescence of dominant species. The treatment effects on green LAIe varied among sites. We calculated three reflectanceindices: photochemical reflectanceindexPRI [531 nm; 570 nm], normalized difference vegetation indexNDVI680 [780 nm; 680 nm] using red spectral region, and NDVI570 [780 nm; 570 nm] using the same green spectral region as PRI. All three reflectanceindices were significantly related to green LAIe and were able to detect changes in shrubland vegetation among treatments. In general warming treatment increased PRI and drought treatment reduced NDVI values. The significant treatment effect on photochemical efficiency of plants detected with PRI could not be detected by fluorescence measurements. However, we found canopy level measured PRI to be very sensitive to soil reflectance properties especially in vegetation areas with low green LAIe. As both soil reflectance and LAI varied between northern and southern sites it is problematic to draw universal conclusions of climate-derived changes in all vegetation types based merely on PRI measurements. We propose that canopy level PRI measurements can be more useful in areas of dense vegetation and dark soils. ; This research was funded by EU projects CLIMOOR (Contract ENV4-CT97-0694) and VULCAN (Contract EVK2-CT-2000-00094). We also received financial help from the Estonian Sciences Foundation (Grant 6969), targeted project of the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research (SF0182732s06.11), the Spanish Government (Grant CGL2006-04025/BOS and Consolider MontesCSD2008-00040) and the Catalan Government (Grant SGR2009-458). ; Peer reviewed