Book Review: Dimensions of Western Military Intervention
In: Armed forces & society, Band 29, Heft 3, S. 467-470
ISSN: 1556-0848
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In: Armed forces & society, Band 29, Heft 3, S. 467-470
ISSN: 1556-0848
In: Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies
"Interventions/Uses of Force Short of War" published on by Oxford University Press.
In: Armed forces & society, Band 31, Heft 3, S. 323-351
ISSN: 1556-0848
Research on enduring rivalry has received considerable theoretical and empirical attention in the last few years. As scholars begin to relax assumptions regarding event independence and historical memory, rivalry has emerged to explain dependencies across countries and over time. Despite the evidence to date, some scholars challenge the rivalry distinction and suggest that a stochastic model may explain the distribution of militarized disputes equally as well. However, if the pairings of states that define the list of enduring rivals are fundamentally different than other pairs of states, differences in behavior should be evident in crisis situations. For rival states in crisis, conflict patterns should vary systematically across conflicts. The likelihood of military action should be lower in dispute one compared to dispute six, or eight, or twelve. Moreover, the conflict strategies of rival states in crisis should differ from the conflict strategies of nonrival states in crisis. Using data from the Interstate Crisis Behavior (ICB) Project, the evidence uncovered here supports the conjecture that states in rival contexts tend to behave differently in crises than their nonrival counterparts, although an indirect effect of rivalry is observed as well. Rival states in crisis frequently resort to a military response against nonrivals. The evidence also provides empirical support for the evolutionary model of rivalry, rather than the punctuated equilibrium model.
In: Armed forces & society: official journal of the Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces and Society : an interdisciplinary journal, Band 31, Heft 3, S. 323-352
ISSN: 0095-327X
In: American review of politics, Band 24, S. 297-299
ISSN: 1051-5054
In: Journal of peace research, Band 40, Heft 1, S. 67-84
ISSN: 0022-3433
In: International journal of peace studies, Band 8, Heft 1, S. 61-84
ISSN: 1085-7494
Despite empirical support for democratic peace, disagreement still exists on the causal factors inhibiting conflict among democratic states. Many democratic peace theorists maintain that democratic norms & political institutions inhibit conflict initiation. Other scholars, however, suggest that the pacific effects of liberal regimes may be a function not so much of their ability to avoid conflict as of their capacity to resolve conflict short of armed hostilities. In an attempt to understand better the foreign policy decision making of democratic states, I examine dispute reciprocation from 1816-1992. That is, given a dispute, are democratic states more or less likely to reciprocate when the initiator is another democracy? The results I find indicate that the relationship between regime type & dispute reciprocation depends strongly on the democracy levels of the states involved. Bilateral disputes in which both states are immature democracies actually have the highest propensity for conflict reciprocation, 38% higher than disputes where both states are nondemocracies. Fully institutionalized democracies, on the other hand, experience few disputes. In addition, when targeted, they tend to tailor their foreign policy behavior to the regime type of the initiating state. The results suggest that the pacific effects of democracy may only take hold once liberal institutions & political culture become sufficiently entrenched. 4 Tables, 2 Figures, 73 References. Adapted from the source document.
In: Journal of peace research, Band 40, Heft 1, S. 67-84
ISSN: 1460-3578
While considerable empirical evidence shows democratic dyads to be less prone to violence than other types of regime pairs, disagreement still exists on the causal factors inhibiting conflict among democratic states. Some scholars have concluded that increased attention needs to be given to identifying specific characteristics of democratic states that might mitigate or incite coercive foreign policy actions. This article begins to pull apart the Polity IIId regime index by assessing the role of political participation in crisis bargaining. If the ability of opposition groups to challenge government policies enables state leaders to communicate credibly their intentions and thus avoid conflict, increased attention needs to be given to the permanence of such structural features of the domestic political environment. What may facilitate efficient signaling is not only competitive political participation, but also the enduring nature of such participation. Regimes that oscillate between severe restrictions on political participation and regulated competition engage in more escalatory behavior because they fail to signal their preferences effectively. The results indicate that while democracy has little effect on MID reciprocation, factionalism among domestic political groups tends to be strongly associated with such a dispute response. Contiguity, military balance, and years at peace also appear to influence dispute reciprocation.
In: International interactions: empirical and theoretical research in international relations, Band 26, Heft 4, S. 411-438
ISSN: 1547-7444
In: International interactions: empirical and theoretical research in international relations, Band 26, Heft 4, S. 411-438
ISSN: 0305-0629
In: Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics
"Maritime Piracy and Foreign Policy" published on by Oxford University Press.
In: The journal of conflict resolution: journal of the Peace Science Society (International), Band 57, Heft 6, S. 940-965
ISSN: 1552-8766
While piracy may evoke romanticized visions of swashbuckling, rum swigging, and skirt chasing pirates hoisting the Jolly Roger, maritime piracy has changed substantially by taking advantage of modernization and substantial upgrading of the weapons, vessels, and weapons it employs. In addition, as documented by the International Maritime Bureau (IMB), the frequency of pirate attacks has increased significantly, with more than 2,600 piracy incidents occurring since 2004. The authors argue that piracy is a result of permissive institutional environments and the lack of legal forms of employment in states' fishing sectors. The authors investigate these arguments empirically using data for all countries with coastlines in the 1995-2007 period. The empirical analyses show that state weakness and reductions in fisheries production values affect piracy as expected. These findings suggest that international efforts in combating piracy should center on improving the institutional environments and labor opportunities driving maritime piracy. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc., copyright holder.]
In: The journal of conflict resolution: journal of the Peace Science Society (International), Band 57, Heft 6, S. 940-965
ISSN: 0022-0027, 0731-4086
World Affairs Online
In: Foreign Policy Analysis, Forthcoming
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In: The journal of conflict resolution: journal of the Peace Science Society (International), Band 57, Heft 6, S. 940-965
ISSN: 1552-8766
While piracy may evoke romanticized visions of swashbuckling, rum swigging, and skirt chasing pirates hoisting the Jolly Roger, maritime piracy has changed substantially by taking advantage of modernization and substantial upgrading of the weapons, vessels, and weapons it employs. In addition, as documented by the International Maritime Bureau (IMB), the frequency of pirate attacks has increased significantly, with more than 2,600 piracy incidents occurring since 2004. The authors argue that piracy is a result of permissive institutional environments and the lack of legal forms of employment in states' fishing sectors. The authors investigate these arguments empirically using data for all countries with coastlines in the 1995–2007 period. The empirical analyses show that state weakness and reductions in fisheries production values affect piracy as expected. These findings suggest that international efforts in combating piracy should center on improving the institutional environments and labor opportunities driving maritime piracy.