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International audience ; In 1817, August Böckh asserted in his book The Public Economy of Athens that ancient Athenians prefered spending their money to support theirs festivals to funding their military expenditures. Since, many new sources, mostly epigraphic, lead to reassess Böckh's thesis for the 430-350 BC period. The verdict is unambigous : the military expenditures were by far the main item of expenditure in classical Athens. ; En 1817, dans son ouvrage consacré à l'économie politique d'Athènes, August Böckh affirmait que les Athéniens de l'époque classique avait préféré gaspiller leurs ressources pour financer des festivals au lieu des les utiliser pour les dépenses militaires. Depuis cette date, de nombreuses sources nouvelles, notamment épigraphiques, permettent d'apprécier cette thèse pour la période 430-350 a.C. La conclusion est sans appel : les dépenses militaires étaient de très loin le premier poste de dépenses pour Athènes.Cet article est une traduction du chapitre 4 de l'ouvrage de David M. Pritchard, Athenian Democracy at War, Cambridge 2019. © David M. Pritchard. Il est reproduit avec l'autorisation de Cambridge University Press.

This article explores how one of the principal mechanisms of media accountability — press ombudsmen — affects journalists. The article uses data from a national survey of journalists to examine the extent to which journalists who work at newspapers with ombudsmen hold different attitudes about appropriate behavior and about their newspaper's performance than do journalists who work at newspapers without ombudsmen. The study shows that the presence of newspaper ombudsmen does not affect journalists' views of controversial newsgathering techniques. Age turns out to be the best predictor of attitudes, with younger journalists more likely to see controversial news-gathering techniques as justified.

It is suggested that press coverage of individual criminal cases may influence the behavior of key justice-system officials with respect to those cases. Police & court records regarding all people arrested for homicide over an 18-month period in Milwaukee County, Wisc, are analyzed, as well as newspaper coverage of those cases. The results suggest that the amount of space newspapers devote to a criminal case helps set the agenda of at least one class of officials -- prosecutors, who decide which cases to plea-bargain. 1 Table, 58 References. AA

Relationship between newspaper coverage of individual cases and plea bargaining by prosecutors; based on conference paper. Based on an analysis of police and court records and news stories in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, Jan. 1981-June 1982.

AbstractSeventy‐one studies are reviewed which present data on the relationship between biographical predictors and recidivism in 177 independent samples of offenders. A summary table lists the number of samples in which a particular predictor was found to be related to recidivism and the number of samples in which that predictor was found to be unrelated to recidivisim. Detailed summaries of the relation between "type of instant offense" and recidivism and "age at first arrest" and recidivism are also included.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- List of Illu strations -- List of Tables -- List of Abbreviations -- Preface -- 1. Public-Spending Debates -- 2. The Cost of Festivals -- 3. The Cost of Democracy -- 4. The Cost of War -- 5. Conclusion: Public-Spending Priorities -- Notes -- Works Cited -- Index of Sources -- General Index

Classical Athens perfected direct democracy. The plays of this ancient Greek state are still staged today. These achievements are rightly revered. Less well known is the other side of this success story. Democratic Athens completely transformed warfare and became a superpower. The Athenian armed forces were unmatched in size and professionalism. This book explores the major reasons behind this military success. It shows how democracy helped the Athenians to be better soldiers. For the first time David M. Pritchard studies, together, all four branches of the armed forces. He focuses on the background of those who fought Athens' wars and on what they thought about doing so. His book reveals the common practices that Athens used right across the armed forces and shows how Athens' pro-war culture had a big impact on civilian life. The book puts the study of Athenian democracy at war on an entirely new footing

"Athens is famous for its direct democracy and its innovative culture. Not widely known is its contemporaneous military revolution. Athens invented or perfected new forms of combat, strategy, and military organisation and was directly responsible for raising the scale of Greek warfare to a different order of magnitude. The timing of this revolution is striking: it followed directly the popular uprising of 508 BC and coincided with the flowering of Athenian culture, which was largely brought about by democracy. This raises the intriguing possibility that popular government was one of the major causes of Athenian military success. Ancient writers may have thought as much, but the traditional assumptions of ancient historians and political scientists have meant that the impact of democracy on war has received almost no scholarly attention. This volume brings together ancient historians, archaeologists, classicists and political scientists to explore this important but neglected problem from multiple perspectives"--Provided by publisher