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Adapted from the source document.

During the last two decades European cohesion policy exercised a considerable impact on sub-national institutions. In Italy, structural funds provided regions with new opportunities of participation in the European policy-making making them acquire a brand new role in the planning and management of local development policies. However, these opportunities required regions to be able to play an active role towards Brussels, to develop new administrative and organizational procedures and to put in place new mechanisms of territorial governance. This work, which examines the strategies carried out by four Italian regions to respond to such a threefold challenge, individuates the legacy of the past and the characteristics of political and administrative elites as the key factors which, if combined, are able to explain the timing and scope of regional responses.

During the last two decades European cohesion policy exercised a considerable impact on sub-national institutions. In Italy, structural funds provided regions with new opportunities of participation in the European policy-making making them acquire a brand new role in the planning and management of local development policies. However, these opportunities required regions to be able to play an active role towards Brussels, to develop new administrative and organizational procedures and to put in place new mechanisms of territorial governance. This work, which examines the strategies carried out by four Italian regions to respond to such a threefold challenge, individuates the legacy of the past and the characteristics of political and administrative elites as the key factors which, if combined, are able to explain the timing and scope of regional responses. Adapted from the source document.

AbstractIn all Western countries, the vaccination campaign against COVID-19 encountered some resistance. To overcome vaccine inertia and hesitancy, governments have used a variety of strategies and policy instruments. These instruments can be placed on a 'ladder of intrusiveness', starting from voluntary tools based on simple information and persuasion, through material incentives and disincentives of varying nature and magnitude, to highly coercive tools, such as lockdown for the unvaccinated and the introduction of the vaccination mandate. Italy's experience during the vaccination campaign against Covid provides an ideal observational point for starting to investigate this issue: not only was Italy among the top countries with the highest percentage of people vaccinated at the beginning of 2022, but—at least compared to other European countries—it was also one of the countries that had gradually introduced the most intrusive measures to increase vaccination compliance. In the article the different steps of the 'intrusiveness ladder' are presented, providing examples from various countries, and then tested on the Italian Covid-19 vaccination campaign between 2021 and the first months of 2022. For each phase of the campaign, the instrument mixes adopted by the Italian government are described, as well as the contextual conditions that led to their adoption. In the final section, an assessment of the composition and evolution of the Italian vaccination strategy is provided, based on the following criteria: legitimacy, feasibility, effectiveness, internal consistency and strategic coherence. Conclusions highlight the pragmatic approach adopted by the Italian government and underline the effects—both positive and negative—of scaling up the intrusiveness ladder.