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The subject-matter of this paper is the structural mechanism of the proverse and reverse word-compounding as a word-building process in modern English while having the model of word-combination as a starting basis for such transformations. The mechanism of proversion represents the process transforming a word-combination into a compound word while preserving the initial order of components coinciding with that of a word-combination (A + B → AB). When the reverse process of compounding takes place, the components of a resulting compound word change their places as to each other in comparison with a component-order in an initial word-combination (A + B → BA). The hypothesis of the investigation is that the compounding by proversion occurs if words of an initial word-combination are tied with the syntactic relation of agreement, while the reverse compounding usually tends to provide compounding on the basis of the syntactic relation of control. The proversive model is mostly the basis for creating nominative parts of speech, and the result of the reverse intergration of a word-combination into a compound word is manifested mainly by a verb or a verbal. The article describes the general and certain specific models of proverse and reverse compounding with the indication of their functional and stylistic peculiar features. The conclusion indicates the perspectives of working out the problem on the basis of other languages and on the comparative ground.

This paper examines ways to divide dysphemisms into groups. It argues that there is need to take into account several factors common for communicative situations in which dysphemisms are used. Research shows that they are the speaker, the referent, the intention of the speaker, language resources. According to language recourses used to achieve dysphemistic effect words and phrases are divided into those that have contextual or dictionary dysphemistic meaning. They fall into two groups according to animate or inanimate referent. Two other factors are pragmatic. They influence the use of dysphemism in different groups determining their characteristics in a particular communicative situation.

Euphemism and dysphemism are widely seen as opposite aspects of one linguistic phenomenon. However, there are facts of their use that raise questions about their status in relation to each other. This paper investigates functional side of dysphemism to define if it is opposite to euphemism. This research shows that functions that dysphemisms perform in text are similar to those fulfilled by euphemisms. However, there are details of their use such as their frequency, purpose, and intentions of the speaker that demonstrate that their opposition to each other is not absolute.

Metaphorical models that convey the evaluative meaning are the focus of this article. The paper intends to show that metaphor and in certain cases metonymy belong to the main means of creating the value attitude to the facts of reality and thinking, this attitude resulting in certain utterances of evaluative character. The data for analysis consist of the utterances from the literary prose in different Indo-European languages of Slavonic, German and Romance groups. The examples show that the main metaphorical models and the specific sub-models in each of the thematic groups viewed as an object of the present study manifest the same or similar evaluative potentials irrespectively of the linguistic culture they belong to. That means that the general mechanism of creating the value relations receiving their manifestation in the form of evaluative utterances within different linguistic cultures is the same

Sobre la base de documentos diplomáticos, el artículo reconstruye un cuadro detallado de la expulsión del mercado alemán durante 1933 de las empresas soviéticas "Derop" y "Derunaft", proveedoras de productos petrolíferos. Los materiales de la inteligencia soviética muestran que uno de los inspiradores de este proceso puede ser considerado el gran magnate petrolero holandés-británico Sir H. Deterding, quien, en el curso de la supuesta "cruzada" contra la URSS, esperaba, entre otras cosas, tomar el control de los campos petroleros del Cáucaso.

The current study tries to investigate approaches to communication, including dysphemism and euphemisms in political cartoons. Free expression of public opinion and personal, political cartoon humor and got an essential part of the information and data arena. That makes the political cartoons genre more related and remarkable than before. This given cartoon comprises visual and verbal components, making the selection of communication means in the text particularly challenging. That defines the problem of our survey. The paper has investigated political cartoons published in the USA media. Making use of the content analysis method, we chose 174 dysphemisms and euphemisms, split into lexical-semantic classifications. As a consequence, euphemisms are utilized more commonly in political cartoon than dysphemisms, which stemmed from the genre specificity; hence, the ironic impact is attained by the contrast between the visual and verbal components.

The current study tries to investigate approaches to communication, including dysphemism and euphemisms in political cartoons. Free expression of public opinion and personal, political cartoon humor and got an essential part of the information and data arena. That makes the political cartoons genre more related and remarkable than before. This given cartoon comprises visual and verbal components, making the selection of communication means in the text particularly challenging. That defines the problem of our survey. The paper has investigated political cartoons published in the USA media. Making use of the content analysis method, we chose 174 dysphemisms and euphemisms, split into lexical-semantic classifications. As a consequence, euphemisms are utilized more commonly in political cartoon than dysphemisms, which stemmed from the genre specificity; hence, the ironic impact is attained by the contrast between the visual and verbal components. ; El estudio actual trata de investigar los enfoques de la comunicación, incluidos el disfemismo y los eufemismos en las caricaturas políticas. La libre expresión de la opinión pública y el humor de caricatura política y personal se convirtieron en una parte esencial del campo de la información y los datos. Eso hace que el género de las caricaturas políticas esté más relacionado y sea más notable que antes. Esta caricatura dada comprende componentes visuales y verbales, lo que hace que la selección de los medios de comunicación en el texto sea particularmente desafiante. Eso define el problema de nuestra encuesta. El periódico ha investigado caricaturas políticas publicadas en los medios estadounidenses. Haciendo uso del método de análisis de contenido, se eligieron 174 disfemismos y eufemismos, divididos en clasificaciones léxico-semánticas. Como consecuencia, los eufemismos se utilizan más comúnmente en la caricatura política que los disfemismos, que se derivan de la especificidad del género; de ahí que el impacto irónico se logre por el contraste entre los componentes ...

This present study is aimed at taking a look at the Covid-19 coverage in political discourse considering the metaphor-based method. This article mainly aims at examining the substantial role of metaphor as well as language in a manner we understand and converse as special metaphorical notions seem to be the fundamental mechanisms of forming actuality in the prevailing era. Discourse and cognitive analysis along with modeling, statistical and contextual analyses are taken into account to accomplish the study's objectives. The study's outcomes acquired demonstrate that nowadays, dominant sorts of metaphors, including war or military metaphors and catastrophe and animal ones. The mentioned metaphors are examined in political discourses on a gross scale.

This present study is aimed at taking a look at the Covid-19 coverage in political discourse considering the metaphor-based method. This article mainly aims at examining the substantial role of metaphor as well as language in a manner we understand and converse as special metaphorical notions seem to be the fundamental mechanisms of forming actuality in the prevailing era. Discourse and cognitive analysis along with modeling, statistical and contextual analyses are taken into account to accomplish the study's objectives. The study's outcomes acquired demonstrate that nowadays, dominant sorts of metaphors, including war or military metaphors and catastrophe and animal ones. The mentioned metaphors are examined in political discourses on a gross scale. ; El presente estudio tiene como objetivo dar una mirada a la cobertura del Covid-19 en el discurso político a partir del método metafórico. Este artículo tiene como objetivo principal examinar el papel sustancial de la metáfora, así como el lenguaje en la forma en que entendemos y conversamos, ya que las nociones metafóricas especiales parecen ser los mecanismos fundamentales para formar la realidad en la época actual. El análisis del discurso y cognitivo junto con el modelado, los análisis estadísticos y contextuales se toman en cuenta para lograr los objetivos del estudio. Los resultados del estudio obtenidos muestran que hoy en día, predominan los tipos de metáforas, incluidas las de guerra o militares y las de catástrofes y animales. Las metáforas mencionadas son examinadas en los discursos políticos a gran escala.

The article deals with cognitive models underlying the process of plant categorization by the speakers. Having analyzed 200 names of herbs and flowers in English, the authors differentiated three cognitive models, which the phytonyms categorization is based on: metaphoric, metonymic and propositional. It is shown that "the codes of culture", or in other words, well-known realia, are used as sources for nomination; on their basis typical cognitive models are formed. Since the names of flowers and herbs in the English language are mostly compound words, the identified cognitive models are described taking into account the action of the cognitive word-formation mechanisms of proverse and reverse. The first mechanism structure of a phytonym presupposes the direct order of compound-word components as a result of the initial word-combination integration. This word building mechanism is typical of the compound structures "adjective / verb + noun". The reversive mechanism represents the inner structure of a phytonym as a result of reverse transformation of the word-combination initial components. This type of mechanism is characteristic of the phytonyms created on the basis of the structures "noun + noun", "noun + ' + noun". The article describes the models of proverse and reverse structuring, which are typical of English phytonyms. The prospects of the research are to study the cognitive models and mechanisms underlying plant nomination in a comparative aspect based on the material of several languages.