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Families with children in Russia are at high risk of poverty. The economic consequences of the coronavirus pandemic and the sanctions imposed in spring 2022 make social policy a priority. It is necessary to pay a stronger attention to groups of population at higher risk of poverty. In recent years the support for families with children has been strengthened and the circle of potential recipients of assistance expanded (raising the age of children, lifting restrictions on the type of family). Additional support measures provided to families with children to reduce the negative effects of the crisis helped to alleviate the severity of poverty but did not change the position of families with children on the welfare scale, they are still the largest group of the poor (according to Rosstat they make 80% of all poor households). It seems important to identify the main factors of poverty of families with children, which include, not least, the limited employment of parents. The main purpose of the study is to show, using the data of the statistical survey (HBS-2019), the scale of unemployment and its impact on families with children as well as gender characteristics of the phenomenon of unemployment. Financial assistance to families with children should be combined with work to activate the actions of families for self-sufficiency.

Families with children in Russia have a high risk of poverty. Often mothers do not work in these families, and the income of working family members together with social support measures are not sufficient. In recent years, support for families with children has been priority of social policy. At the same time, the State social assistance depends on the age of a child, and as the child is growing older the social assistance is decreasing. Until 2021 the whole variety of monetary payments to children was limited to the age category of 7 years (for all families) and up to 17 years (for single-parent families). These age limits put other children at a disadvantage as compared to children receiving assistance. That's why in March 2022 the Government announced a monthly cash payment for all children living in low-income families aged from 8 to 17 years. The next age limit for children in low-income families getting social support leaves without benefits children aged 17-18 years. Usually they do not have their own income, but they require not less, but more family expenses for their maintenance. The main goal of the study was to show that families with children aged 16-17 bear the same expenses as families with children under 16 years of age, but they have no additional sources of income. The study was based on the data from a population survey (Household Budget Survey-2019) and a longitudinal survey of families with school-age children (Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey of HSE2018-2019). The study emphasized the need of social support for families with senior school-age children.

The purpose of this work is analysis of the social support coverage in Russia during the coronavirus epidemic. The paper also analyzes the impact of the pandemic on the financial situation of families. The work focused on families with children as the poorest category of the Russian population with a lot of social exclusions. The study was based on the data from population survey conducted at the top of the epidemic by the Yuri Levada Analytical Center (LEVADA-CENTER). During the period of isolation caused by the coronavirus epidemic, population significantly suffered from lack of work and reduction of earnings. Families with children lost the possibility to leave children in kindergartens and schools that had a negative effect on the welfare of the population: 35% families reported worsening of the financial situation of their families over the past year. At the same time, more than 40% of the families received social support compensating the negative effect of the coronavirus epidemic. Social support was primarily provided to families with children — there were twice as many recipients of benefits among them then among the entire population. The paper also analyzes the opinion of the population about what measures of the social support they consider the most important and what types of assistance their families need. According to the survey data, the greatest need of the population is for financial support (almost 37% of families). At the same time, the majority of the respondents believe that it is the duty of the state to provide all children with normal living standards. The analysis has shown the importance of the social support of the population and the necessity of raising its efficiency in the difficult period of the coronavirus epidemic.

Les auteurs souhaitent apporter des éléments de réponse à trois grandes queslions qui se posent face au développement de la pauvreté en Russie depuis le début de la période de transition : qu'est-ce que la pauvreté en Russie aujourd'hui ? jusqu'où va la capacité d'adaptation des ménages russes aux nouvelles conditions économiques et sociales (chômage, accroissement des écarts de revenu, développement du secteur économique privé, etc.) en fonction de leur structure démographique ? quelle est la place des réseaux d'entraide familiaux dans les moyens de survie des familles russes ? Lilia Ovtcharova et Lidia Prokof eva s'appuient dans leur démarche sur deux types d'enquêtes dont elles confrontent les méthodes et les résultats : les enquêtes annuelles sur les budgets des ménages du Comité d'État à la statistiques de la Fédération de Russie, qui couvrent à présent près de 50 000 ménages, et l'enquête sur la pauvreté de la population urbaine, réalisée en 1997 par l'équipe de chercheurs russes à laquelle elles appartiennent, qui a tenté d'affiner encore l'évaluation de la pauvreté en appliquant, entre autres, certaines méthodes des recherches occidentales sur cette question.

Au cours des quinze dernières années, la famille en Russie a sensiblement évolué, faisant apparaître des tendances partagées avec les pays occidentaux (mise en cause du mariage, développement des unions informelles) mais accentuant aussi des tendances propres (cohabitation intergénérationnelle). Ces transformations se sont accompagnées de modifications significatives du périmètre de la pauvreté des familles, autrefois cantonné au cas des mères élevant seules leurs enfants, aujourd'hui étendu à l'ensemble des couples avec enfants. Des rapports unissent ces deux évolutions : autrefois, le divorce était une voie vers l'appauvrissement des mères mais la politique sociale en modérait la rigueur ; aujourd'hui, la famille en général est fragilisée et renvoyée à elle-même pour faire face aux rigueurs économiques.

Social support of older people is given a very great attention. In many countries, older people receive long-term care at home. The long-term care (LTC) is actively developed worldwide over the past 20 years. LTC improves the life quality of older people and people with disabilities. Such system includes medical and social services. Currently, in many OECD countries, from a half to three quarters of older people receive long-term care at home. France is one of those countries in which the social support of older people is given a very great attention. In Russia, long-term care is a task of family. Our country is taking first steps in creation of a long-term care system. It is important to take into account the experience of countries that already have specialized social services for older people with loss of autonomy. A new and important element of the LTC system will be a special scale for determining the level of need for long-term care. Such scale helps to differentiate the needs of each elderly person or person with a disability. This paper analyses the methods of determining the level of need for long-term care, used in France and in Russia and describes the advantages and disadvantages of these methods.

Evolution of poverty measurement methodology is moving away from a monetary approach as the one and the only towards the extended technique that combines different definitions of poverty. One of the approaches is to combine monetary indicator (income poverty) and non-monetary poverty assessment through deprivations. This approach gave birth to a comparative methodology for assessing poverty and social exclusion (AROPE index) which was adopted by EU countries in 2010. According to the AROPE methodology, population at risk of poverty or social exclusion is defined as those who are poor in terms of income poverty, suffer severe deprivations or living in households with a very low work intensity among members of household in working age (or without the employed). Analysis of the AROPE index and its components for the EU countries shows their extreme heterogeneity in terms of this index. However, despite the criticism, the methodology will remain unchanged until 2020, so that poverty dynamics in EU countries can be studied. According to the Statistical Survey of Income and Participation in Social Programs conducted by the Russian Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat), AROPE rate in Russia (2016) is slightly higher than in EU (2017) but the proximity of the AROPE rates in Russia and EU raises doubts about the adequacy of the real standard of living reflection through this index. In 2017, the European Commission decided to modify the part of AROPE methodology related to material deprivation evaluation by expanding the list of deprivations and excluding those household goods that are already included in the consumption standard in European countries.

Multivariate poverty measurement methods have been actively developed worldwide in recent years. Such methods include evaluation of limitations to meet basic human needs in terms of housing, clothing, footwear, education, health care, etc. In many countries non-monetary poverty lines are used as official poverty thresholds. But Russia is taking the first steps in this direction. This article presents a poverty assessment in terms of material deprivations, based on the representative survey conducted by Rosstat in 2016. Poverty analysis in terms of material deprivations shows that in Russia the most vulnerable groups are multi-child families and households of the unemployed and pensioners (especially single), as well as families living in rural areas. Such households are characterized by a higher deprivations concentration as well as a higher prevalence of separate deprivations. Measuring poverty in terms of material deprivations cannot replace the monetary poverty evaluation, but it is an important and additional part of poverty assessment. Households of single pensioners have a higher deprivations concentration but they are not poor in terms of absolute income poverty (due to introduction of supplementary pension payments which make their pensions higher than regional poverty thresholds). That means that poverty measurement should consist of a set of different methods that would give a more accurate estimation of poverty and highlight the poorest groups of the population which should be focus of social protection.

Cette étude comparative de la France, la Géorgie, la Lituanie et la Russie explore un des champs des enquêtes GGS ayant trait aux valeurs. Elle s'applique à identifier les opinions au sujet de la solidarité intergénérationnnelle et leurs différences dans ces quatre pays. Deux dimensions sont plus particulièrement analysées. La première porte sur la conception qu'ont les répondants de l'implication relative de la famille et de la société dans l'aide aux plus jeunes et aux générations âgées. La seconde renvoie à la nature et aux modalités que peut prendre la solidarité familiale. Doit-il s'agir d'aides en nature ou en espèces ? Comment l'aide familiale intergénérationnelle est-elle perçue et quelle place occupe-t-elle dans les histoires de vie individuelles ? Est-il légitime que de telles aides modifient les parcours résidentiels et professionnels des hommes et des femmes ? Le présent article offre une réflexion méthodologique sur l'appréhension des opinions à partir d'enquêtes quantitatives et sur la pertinence en sciences sociales d'études comparatives entre pays. Il propose également d'étudier la solidarité entre générations en tant que révélateur des structures familiales et des contextes économiques et culturels des quatre pays.