The author analyzes some activities of the Public Center for Legal and Justice Reform in the field of standards and technologies of restorative justice and restorative mediation in Russia. The author pays attention to the mediation in education, particularly to the concept of school mediation services as an effective educational technology. The article describes how a school mediation service should be created; also, it contains an overview of the best experiences of the use of school mediation services in different regions of Russia.
The article studies the elements of the twelve leading African states` mights in order to identify the regional power and find potential ones. The growing role of the African region in world politics is giving more weight to the regional powers in the international scene. The authors examined the power`s parameters in dynamics, thus allowed them to reveal not only the key leading states of the continent, but also to note the emerging powers of the African continent. Based on the size of the armed forces, the cost of maintenance and technological equipment, the leading positions in Africa are occupied by Algeria, Egypt and Nigeria. Although these indicators are not automatically translated into power projection, they are enough to create a restraining structural effect on other states on the continent. In terms of the combination of economic and demographic potential, the most noticeable groundwork has been formed in Egypt and Nigeria, since their economic growth is comparable to population growth. Other major countries in Africa are experiencing either slowing economic growth or demographic transition, raising questions about the potential of these countries. Finally, in terms of soft power and institutional representation, Egypt has a significant lead. Thus, only Egypt and Nigeria can be considered full-fledged regional powers in Africa. Although South Africa is often added to this list, military-political, economic-demographic and cultural-institutional trends on the African continent do not allow one to come to such a conclusion. The second echelon of powers in Africa potentially includes, in addition to South Africa, Algeria, Kenya and Ethiopia. Given these political dynamics, we can expect increased competition among the leading states on the continent.
The analysis of Brazil's, Russia's, India's, China's and RSA's opportunities allows to speak about the further development of BRICS potential in the near future due to increase of the FDI flows both within BRICS and in its relations with third countries. China which to date selectively takes foreign investments giving special priority to their qualitative characteristics will remain the most long-term country. Russia continues to be one of global leaders in the field of resource development and a country with plenty of unrealized opportunities in the industrial sector. By today, there is still much tension around the issue of new growth drivers and investment climate improvement. Given the decrease in the investment attractiveness of the Western Europe which led the way as a FDI recipient in the past, in 2011 Russia's indexes doubled as compared to 2005. As far as the Russian economy development prospects are viewed as advantageous in the whole, everything will depend on the state policy coherence, where it's worth to study the BRICS partners' experiences.
The history of social insurance of workers found reflection in literature practically from the first days of existence of the USSR. The question of a detailed periodization of the Soviet historiography of pre-revolutionary social insurance of workers is addressed in the paper. The author focused on the period which is the most difficult for studying: from October Rprior up to the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, when work on this problem practically stopped.The analysis of literature and activity of the scientific and historical institutions which were engaged in studying of the problem allowed defining the chronological framework of the considered period. As a result of research the author allocates three stages, though defining their chronological frameworks was hindered by such factors as struggle in the higher levels of the authorities, number of researches and their political orientation, and also a limited circle of the sources introduced into scientific circulation. ; История социального страхования рабочих нашла отражение в литературе практически с первых дней существования страны Советов. В статье обосновывается вопрос подробной периодизации советской историографии дореволюционного социального страхования трудящихся. Автор обратился к наиболее сложному для ее изучения периоду – с момента Октябрьской революции до начала Великой Отечественной войны (1941 – 1945 гг.), когда работа над проблемой практически прекратилась.Анализ литературы и деятельности научно-исторических учреждений, занимавшихся изучением проблемы, позволил определить хронологические границы рассматриваемого периода. В результате исследования автор выделяет три этапа, на установление хронологических рамок которых оказали влияние такие факторы, как борьба в высших эшелонах власти, количество исследований и их политическая заданность, а также ограниченный круг вводимых в научный оборот источников.
The aim of the article is to analyze the 1970 constitutional changes influence on the Buryat ASSR authorities functioning with the use of systematic and comparative approaches, and institutional method of research, and also unpublished archival materials. The text of the Fundamental Law of the autonomous republic was promulgated in mass media with a total amount of more than 170 thousand copies. Broad and purposeful explanatory work was carried out by members of the Constitutional commission of the republic, the ideological core group and editorial offices of newspapers, radio and television. The new Buryat ASSR Constitution was officially adopted on May 30, 1978 at the session of the supreme body of the government. Its text included new sections and chapters, and a number of articles were changed and added. The Buryat ASSR was proclaimed a socialist public state. The legal status was determined in detail, as well as the order and forms of activities of the Supreme Council, its Presidium and Council of ministers of the ASSR were regulated. People's Deputies of all levels constituted a single system of the government. The national statehood of Buryatia was limited. The declared and expanded political and social rights of citizens remained declarative in many respects. The unique political party won the constitutional status of leading and directing force of society denying all principles of separation of the authorities and turned into the main element of government institution. At the same time, the system of the state was not ideal. There followed a painful process of familiarizing working people with implementation of government and management. The local councils (sovjets) were supposed to represent workers' power but remained considerably the power over working masses. Bureaucratization of the councils' activities grew stronger, the councils were substituted by party committees, stability of personnel turned into their irremovability, stagnation and gerontocracy, Councils' control over the work of executive bodies required cardinal strengthening. A serious adjustment of the electoral system and democratization of political life of the society was needed. The considered materials can be used for a comparative analysis of activity of public organs of different levels. ; Целью статьи является анализ влияния конституционных изменений 1970-х гг. на функции органов власти Бурятской АССР с использованием системного, компаративистского подходов, институционального метода исследования, а также неопубликованных ранее архивных материалов. Текст проекта Основного Закона автономной республики был обнародован в печатных средствах массовой информации общим объемом более 170 тыс. экземпляров. Широкую и целенаправленную разъяснительную работу проводили члены Конституционной комиссии республики, идеологический актив, редакции газет, радио, телевидение. На сессии высшего органа государственной власти 30 мая 1978 г. была официально принята новая Конституция Бурятской АССР. В ее текст были включены новые разделы и главы, а ряд статей изменен и дополнен. Бурятская АССР объявлялась социалистическим общенародным государством. Подробно определялось правовое положение, регламентировался порядок и формы деятельности Верховного Совета и его Президиума, а также Совета Министров АССР. Советы народных депутатов всех уровней составляли единую систему государственной власти. Национальная государственность Бурятии была ограничена. Заявленные и расширенные политические и социальные права граждан во многом оставались декларативными. Единственная политическая партия обрела конституционный статус руководящей и направляющей силы общества и, отрицая все принципы разделения властей, превратилась в главный элемент государственной структуры. Вместе с тем система государственного устройства не была идеальной. С большими трудностями шло приобщение людей труда к осуществлению государственной власти и управления, благодаря чему Советы, являясь по своей сути органами власти через трудящихся, оставались в значительной мере властью над трудящимися массами. Нарастала бюрократизация деятельности Советов, подмена их партийными комитетами, стабильность кадров превращалась в их несменяемость, застой и геронтократию, требовал кардинального усиления контроль Советов за работой исполнительных органов. Все острее ощущалась необходимость серьезной корректировки избирательной системы, демократизации общественно-политической жизни общества. Рассмотренные материалы могут быть использованы для сравнительного анализа деятельности государственных органов различных уровней.
В статье проверяется достоверность закрепившегося в отечественной историографии утверждения о влиянии расстрела рабочих Ленских золотых приисков на обсуждение и принятие страховых законов от 23 июня 1912 г. Некоторые авторы заявляли, что только последовавшая в ответ на трагедию 4 апреля 1912 года волна рабочего протеста заставила царское правительство приступить к рассмотрению законопроектов. Другие исследователи, обратившись к источникам, пришли к выводу, что поводом для рассмотрения страховых законов стал подъем рабочего движения в 1911 г. Анализ стенографических отчетов заседаний III-й Государственной Думы и Государственного Совета позволяет утверждать, что законопроекты активно разбирались с весны 1911 г., и к моменту происшествия на Ленских приисках прошли все основные стадии обсуждения. В результате исследования автор приходит к выводу, что утверждения о влиянии Ленской трагедии на начало рассмотрения и принятие страховых законов не имеют под собой . The article investigates the reliability of the statement fixed in a domestic historiography about the influence of the Lena gold mines workers execution the on the discussion and adoption of the insurance laws of June 23, 1912. Some authors declared that only the wave of a working protest which followed in response to the tragedy on April 4, 1912, forced the imperial government to start the consideration of bills. Other researchers, addressing sources, have come to the conclusion that the rise of the labor movement in 1911 became a reason for consideration of the insurance laws. The analysis of verbatim records of the meetings of the III State Duma and the State Council allows to claim that the bills had been actively discussed since the spring of 1911. By the time of the incident in the Lena mines they had passed all the main stages of discussion. The author concludes that the statements about the impact of the Lena tragedy at the beginning of the consideration and adoption of the insurance legislation are unfounded.
