This article examines the political career of writer and journalist Jaume Miravitlles i Navarra (Figueres, 1906 - Barcelona, 1988). It proposes that the importance of his contributions to intellectual thought and politics deserve reassessment, partly because Miravitlles's political progress was typical of certain left-wing European intellectuals during the period in discussion: of those whose initiation in politics was full-blooded Leninism, but who then progressively distanced themselves from Soviet ideology and finally became profoundly critical of political Marxism. Miravitlles played a leading role in the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939, when he headed the Generalitat's Propaganda Commissariat. After 1939, in exile, he became one of the leading narrators of human experience during this period of war and revolution, a role that he reaffirmed on his return to Catalonia in 1963.
In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the Corona Virus 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic. As a result, billions of people were either encouraged or forced by their governments to stay home to reduce the spread of the virus. This caused many to turn to the Internet for work, education, social interaction, and entertainment. With the Internet demand rising at an unprecedented rate, the question of whether the Internet could sustain this additional load emerged. To answer this question, this paper will review the impact of the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic on Internet traffic in order to analyze its performance. In order to keep our study broad, we collect and analyze Internet traffic data from multiple locations at the core and edge of the Internet. From this, we characterize how traffic and application demands change, to describe the "new normal," and explain how the Internet reacted during these unprecedented times. ; pub
In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak a global pandemic. As a result, billions of people were either encouraged or forced by their governments to stay home to reduce the spread of the virus. This caused many to turn to the Internet for work, education, social interaction, and entertainment. With the Internet demand rising at an unprecedented rate, the question of whether the Internet could sustain this additional load emerged. To answer this question, this paper will review the the impact of the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic on Internet traffic in order to analyze its performance. In order to keep our study broad, we collect and analyze Internet traffic data from multiple locations at the core and edge of the Internet. From this, we characterize how traffic and application demands change, to describe the "new normal", and explain how the Internet reacted during these unprecedented times. ; BMBF, 01IS18025A, Verbundprojekt BIFOLD-BBDC: Berlin Institute for the Foundations of Learning and Data ; BMBF, 01IS18037A, Verbundprojekt BIFOLD-BZML: Berlin Institute for the Foundations of Learning and Data ; BMBF, 16KIS0691, Verbundprojekt: 5G Lösungen für die vernetzte Mobilität der Zukunft - 5GNetMobil -; Teilvorhaben: Zuverlässige, kognitive und agile Kommunikationslösungen für die taktil vernetzte Mobilität ; BMBF, 16KIS0975K, KMU-innovativ-Verbundprojekt: Artificial Intelligence-based DDoS Mitigation at Internet Exchange Points - AIDOS -; Teilvorhaben: Data-Driven IXP DDoS Mitigation ; BMBF, 16KIS0976, KMU-innovativ-Verbundprojekt: Artificial Intelligence-based DDoS Mitigation at Internet Exchange Points - AIDOS -; Teilvorhaben: Statistical AI-based DDoS Detection ; EC/H2020/679158/EU/Resolving the Tussle in the Internet: Mapping, Architecture, and Policy Making/ResolutioNet
In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak a global pandemic. As a result, billions of people were either encouraged or forced by their governments to stay home to reduce the spread of the virus. This caused many to turn to the Internet for work, education, social interaction, and entertainment. With the Internet demand rising at an unprecedented rate, the question of whether the Internet could sustain this additional load emerged. To answer this question, this paper will review the the impact of the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic on Internet traffic in order to analyze its performance. In order to keep our study broad, we collect and analyze Internet traffic data from multiple locations at the core and edge of the Internet. From this, we characterize how traffic and application demands change, to describe the "new normal", and explain how the Internet reacted during these unprecedented times. ; BMBF, 01IS18025A, Verbundprojekt BIFOLD-BBDC: Berlin Institute for the Foundations of Learning and Data ; BMBF, 01IS18037A, Verbundprojekt BIFOLD-BZML: Berlin Institute for the Foundations of Learning and Data ; BMBF, 16KIS0691, Verbundprojekt: 5G Lösungen für die vernetzte Mobilität der Zukunft - 5GNetMobil -; Teilvorhaben: Zuverlässige, kognitive und agile Kommunikationslösungen für die taktil vernetzte Mobilität ; BMBF, 16KIS0975K, KMU-innovativ-Verbundprojekt: Artificial Intelligence-based DDoS Mitigation at Internet Exchange Points - AIDOS -; Teilvorhaben: Data-Driven IXP DDoS Mitigation ; BMBF, 16KIS0976, KMU-innovativ-Verbundprojekt: Artificial Intelligence-based DDoS Mitigation at Internet Exchange Points - AIDOS -; Teilvorhaben: Statistical AI-based DDoS Detection ; EC/H2020/679158/EU/Resolving the Tussle in the Internet: Mapping, Architecture, and Policy Making/ResolutioNet
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many governments imposed lockdowns that forced hundreds of millions to stay at home. As a result of these measures, Internet traffic of residential users increased, in particular, for remote working, entertainment, commerce, and education. In turn, traffic demands in the Internet core shifted as well. In this paper, using data from a diverse set of vantage points (one ISP, three IXPs, and one metropolitan educational network), we study the effect of these lockdowns on traffic shifts. We find that the traffic volume increased by 15-20% almost within a week---while overall still modest, this constitutes a large increase within this short time period. The Internet infrastructure is able to handle this increase, as most traffic shifts occur outside of traditional peak hours. When looking at traffic sources, we find that while hypergiants still contribute a significant fraction of traffic, we see a higher increase in traffic of non-hypergiants. We observe traffic increases in applications that people use when at home, such as Web conferencing, VPN, and gaming. While many networks see increased traffic demands, in particular, residential users, others see major decreases, e.g., in the educational network. ; BMBF, 16DII111, Verbundprojekt: Weizenbaum-Institut für die vernetzte Gesellschaft - Das Deutsche Internet-Institut; Teilvorhaben: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB) ; BMBF, 16KIS0691, Verbundprojekt: 5G Lösungen für die vernetzte Mobilität der Zukunft - 5GNetMobil -; Teilvorhaben: Zuverlässige, kognitive und agile Kommunikationslösungen für die taktil vernetzte Mobilität ; BMBF, 16KIS0975K, KMU-innovativ-Verbundprojekt: Artificial Intelligence-based DDoS Mitigation at Internet Exchange Points - AIDOS -; Teilvorhaben: Data-Driven IXP DDoS Mitigation ; EC/H2020/679158/EU/Resolving the Tussle in the Internet: Mapping, Architecture, and Policy Making/ResolutioNet
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many governments imposed lock-downs that forced hundreds of millions of citizens to stay at home. The implementation of confinement measures increased Internet traffic demands of residential users, in particular, for remote working, entertainment, commerce, and education, which, as a result, caused traffic shifts in the Internet core. In this paper, using data from a diverse set of vantage points (one ISP, three IXPs, and one metropolitan educational network), we examine the effect of these lockdowns on traffic shifts. We find that the traffic volume increased by 15-20% almost within a week---while overall still modest, this constitutes a large increase within this short time period. However, despite this surge, we observe that the Internet infrastructure is able to handle the new volume, as most traffic shifts occur outside of traditional peak hours. When looking directly at the traffic sources, it turns out that, while hypergiants still contribute a significant fraction of traffic, we see (1) a higher increase in traffic of non-hypergiants, and (2) traffic increases in applications that people use when at home, such as Web conferencing, VPN, and gaming. While many networks see increased traffic demands, in particular, those providing services to residential users, academic networks experience major overall decreases. Yet, in these networks, we can observe substantial increases when considering applications associated to remote working and lecturing. ; TRUE ; pub
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many governments imposed lockdowns that forced hundreds of millions of citizens to stay at home. The implementation of confinement measures increased Internet traffic demands of residential users, in particular, for remote working, entertainment, commerce, and education, which, as a result, caused traffic shifts in the Internet core. In this paper, using data from a diverse set of vantage points (one ISP, three IXPs, and one metropolitan educational network), we examine the effect of these lockdowns on traffic shifts. We find that the traffic volume increased by 15-20% almost within a week – while overall still modest, this constitutes a large increase within this short time period. However, despite this surge, we observe that the Internet infrastructure is able to handle the new volume, as most traffic shifts occur outside of traditional peak hours. When looking directly at the traffic sources, it turns out that, while hypergiants still contribute a significant fraction of traffic, we see (1) a higher increase in traffic of non-hypergiants, and (2) traffic increases in applications that people use when at home, such as Web conferencing, VPN, and gaming. While many networks see increased traffic demands, in particular, those providing services to residential users, academic networks experience major overall decreases. Yet, in these networks, we can observe substantial increases when considering applications associated to remote working and lecturing. ; EC/H2020/679158/EU/Resolving the Tussle in the Internet: Mapping, Architecture, and Policy Making/ResolutioNet
