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Long term energy goals that the EU has set for the years 2020 and 2050, in order to increase its security of energy supply, decrease the impact on the environment and stimulate sustainability, are binding to all member states. Croatia as a new EU member state needs to reconsider and develop new energy policy towards energy efficiency and renewable energy sources. One of the key processes is rational energy consumption and gradual national energy demand decrease. Having said this; it is important to understand what mechanisms are influencing energy demand and what is their long term impact, so future energy demand fluctuations can be modelled. Classical energy demand planning is usually focused on establishing a relationship between economic indicators, such as the GDP, and energy consumption. This is usually done based on analyzing different historical data and processing them in a relatively simple way, like time series analysis, or applying more complex analyses using neural networks, genetic algorithms or similar methods. It is argued that this approach has become inefficient in the case of EU countries which strive towards decoupling their economic growth and energy consumption. Numerous initiatives towards lowering energy consumption in the EU by implementing different Directives, financial schemes and mechanisms that should result in lowering energy demand in the future substantiate this argument. A new approach in the energy demand planning process is necessary. In order to describe and quantify energy policy measures bottom up engineering models, focused on end users, have to be used. Throughout this thesis, the author has developed the National energy Demand model (NeD model) and used it to calculate long term final energy demand of Croatia. The model is based on sectoral approach and includes six major economic sub models; households, transport, industry, services, construction and agriculture. The results of the NeD model are compared to two available studies/models, the Primes EU28 and the Croatian national strategy. As an additional segment of this thesis is the implementation of the NeD methodology into LEAP model, in order to have more simplified long term energy demand model of Croatia which would be more easily used. The main question that the author asks is: what is the effect of the implementation of various energy policies on the long term energy demand, primarily, but also what is the effect on the environment and national economy. ; Dugoročni energetski ciljevi, koje je Europska komisija zadala za 2020. i 2050. godinu, u svrhu povećanja sigurnosti energetske opskrbe, smanjenja utjecaja na okoliš i poticanja održivosti, su obvezujući za sve zemlje članice. Hrvatska, kao nova zemlja članica mora preispitati i razviti novu energetsku politiku prema energetskoj učinkovitosti i obnovljivim izvorima energije. Jedan od ključnih elemenata je racionalna energetska potrošnja i njeno postupno smanjivanje. Obzirom na izrečeno; izuzetno je bitno shvatiti koji su to mehanizmi koji utječu na energetsku potrošnju te koji je njihov dugoročni efekt. Klasični pristup energetskom planiranju potrošnje se fokusira na traženje međuovisnosti između makroekonomskih varijabli, kao što je bruto domaći proizvod, i potrošnje energije. To se obično radi analizom različitih setova povijesnih podataka koja može biti vrlo jednostavna, kao vremenski nizovi, ili relativno kompleksna, kao što su genetski algoritmi, neuronske mreže ili neke slične metode. Ovakav pristup je postao nedovoljan, pogotovo u slučaju zemalja EU, koje čine sve kako bi razdvojile svoj gospodarski rast i potrošnju energije. Brojne inicijative, usmjerene ka smanjenju potrošnje energije unutar EU, primjenom različitih direktiva, financijskih mehanizama za posljedicu će imati smanjenje potrošnje energije uz planirani gospodarski rast. Novi pristup kod planiranja energetske potrošnje je potreban. Kako bi se opisali i kvantificirali mehanizmi energetske politike, energetski modeli koji počivaju na pristupu odozdo prema gore fokusirani na krajnjeg korisnika, trebaju biti primijenjeni. Kroz ovu tezu autor je razvio National energy Demand model (NeD model), te ga iskoristio kako bi izračunao dugoročnu finalnu potrošnju Republike Hrvatske. Model je baziran na sektorskom pristupu te uključuje šest glavnih ekonomskih sektora: kućanstva, transport, industrija, usluge, poljoprivreda, te građevinarstvo. Rezultati NeD modela su uspoređeni s dva modela/studije, Primes EU28 te nacionalnom energetskom strategijom. Kao dodatna komponenta ove teze jest implementacija NeD metoda i postupaka u LEAP model, kako bi imali jednostavan za koristiti dugoročni model energetske potrošnje Republike Hrvatske. Glavno pitanje koje si autor teze postavlja je: kakav će biti efekt implementacije mjera energetske politike na dugoročnu energetsku potrošnju, ali i okoliš.

In the light of new European energy-climate package and its measures for increasing security of supply, decreasing the impact on environment and stimulating sustainable development with special emphasis on job creation and regional growth, Croatia as a future EU member state, needs to reconsider and develop new energy policy towards energy efficiency and renewable energy sources, in order to comply with all of the presented tasks. Planning future energy demand, considering various policy options like regulation, fiscal and financial measures, becomes one of the crucial issues of future national energy strategy. This paper analyses Croatian long term energy demand and its effect on the future national GHG emissions. For that purpose the national energy demand model was constructed (NeD model). The model is comprised out of six modules each representing one sector, following Croatian national energy balance; industry, transport, households, services, agriculture and construction. For three of the modules (industry, transport and households) previously developed long term energy demand models were used, while for the remaining three new models were constructed. As an additional feature, new GHG module was assembled and added to the NeD model covering all six sectors and calculating its emissions. The model is based on bottom up approach, where data was available, which combines and process large number of input data at the end use level. NeD model was used to present different future GHG mitigation paths, based on the implementation of various energy policies. Results obtained in this paper were also compared to Croatian National Energy Strategy for the years 2020 and 2030. It was shown that if already implemented policies are properly taken into account the actual final energy demand for 2030 will be 43% lower than forecast by the Croatian National Energy Strategy.

This special issue of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews is devoted to the research presented and discussed at the 10th Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems (SDEWES) held from the 27th September to the 2nd October 2, 2015 in Dubrovnik, Croatia. The contents are in in keeping with the aims and scope of the journal which is to bring together under one roof the current advances in the ever broadening field of renewable and sustainable energy. The articles published in this special issue review, discuss and examine energy resources and technologies (e.g. biomass, hydropower, solar, geothermal and wind), applications and services (e.g. buildings, industry, electricity and transport) and policy and the environment (e.g. economic, emissions, politics, energy planning, social aspects) within the framework of sustainable development. A total of 35 extended manuscripts were invited by the guest editors of this special to submit candidate articles for consideration for publication in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. After a vigorous review process by expert reviewers overseen by the guest editors a total of 22 articles were accepted for publication.

This article positions collective renewable energy prosumerism as a social movement that engages in energy system transformation. Collective renewable energy prosumer initiatives engage in 'prefigurative' work through their discursive framings (ways of thinking), their activities (ways of doing) and their understanding and enactment of social relations (ways of organising). The core of this article is a comparative analysis of the prefigurative work of 13 collective prosumers from 7 European countries (Belgium, Croatia, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, United Kingdom). The article discusses their contributions to energy system transformation, including renewable energy production, different mechanisms for involving citizens, local value creation, and the degree of desired and actual collaboration and networking within broader prosumer ecosystems. We then discuss these contributions against societal discourses and expectations towards prosumerism, such as energy democracy, energy justice, and environmental sustainability and decarbonisation. This reveals three tensions: 1) a focus on decarbonisation but not on broader environmental problems, 2) the involvement of certain people and not of others, and 3) the building of prosumer eco-systems while ignoring incumbency. Future research avenues are formulated to conclude the article.

This article positions collective renewable energy prosumerism as a social movement that engages in energy system transformation. Collective renewable energy prosumer initiatives engage in 'prefigurative' work through their discursive framings (ways of thinking), their activities (ways of doing) and their understanding and enactment of social relations (ways of organising). The core of this article is a comparative analysis of the prefigurative work of 13 collective prosumers from 7 European countries (Belgium, Croatia, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, United Kingdom). The article discusses their contributions to energy system transformation, including renewable energy production, different mechanisms for involving citizens, local value creation, and the degree of desired and actual collaboration and networking within broader prosumer ecosystems. We then discuss these contributions against societal discourses and expectations towards prosumerism, such as energy democracy, energy justice, and environmental sustainability and decarbonisation. This reveals three tensions: 1) a focus on decarbonisation but not on broader environmental problems, 2) the involvement of certain people and not of others, and 3) the building of prosumer eco-systems while ignoring incumbency. Future research avenues are formulated to conclude the article ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion