Suchergebnisse

Pembalakan hutan di Filipina telah berlangsung selama 40 tahun belakangan ini. Ada dua faktor pembalakan hutan ini. Pertama adalah faktor politik yang memerlakukan hutan sebagai komoditi dan keuntungan politik. Kedua adalah konversi hutan produksi menjadi lahan pertanian, seperti perkebunan sawit, tebu, dan sayur mayur. Di berbagai negara berkembang, seperti di Filipina, lahan hutan menjadi semakin sempit, akibat peningkatan populasi, pemukiman transmigran, khususnya peralihan lahan (kaingin) di perbukitan. Dampak pembalakan hutan ini dikritik oleh organisasi non-pemerintah dan akademisi, sebab aktifitas ini dapat menyebabkan bencana banjir, erosi tanah dan tanah longsor. Kerangka teoritis untuk menganalisa isu pembalakan hutan dan program pemulihannya (kebijakan pembalakan hutan, rehabilitasi hutan dan konsesi penebangan) menggunakan ekologi politik yang menggarisbawahi peran para pemangku kebijakan (stakeholders).Hasil penelitian menunjukan aktifitas pembalakan hutan ini berdampak buruk. Para pengambil keputusan dan pemangku kebijakan yang berasal dari donor internasional mendukung upaya untuk merehabilitasi hutan, mengembalikan lahan hutan, dan reboisasi dengan memberikan konsesi penebangan pada pihak swasta (IFMA/ITPLA), sektor kerjasama, dan individual (SIFMA). Tujuan kebijakan ini adalah untuk meningkatkan produksi hutan dan menjaga area konservasi. Umumnya, organisasi non-pemerintah, petani lokal, dan akademisi merespon baik dan melibatkan diri dalam program ini, sebab aktifitas ini berdampak positiif bagi pemulihan kawasan hutan di masa depan.Kata kunci: pembalakan hutan, rehabilitasi hutan, reboisasi, konsesi penebangan (IFMA dan SIFMA), Forest Management Bureau (FMB), pemangku kebijakan

This paper examines the evolution of tenure reform in the Philippine forest lands over the last three decades which in principle has transferred "bundles of rights" from the State to local communities. It analyzes the dynamics and impacts of tenure reform and the associated policy and related changes in terms of livelihoods, income, forest condition, and equity (referred to as the LIFE indicators in this study) based on literature review and four case studies representing three different types of tenure instruments. Despite radical efforts to restructure forest management in favor of local communities, our analysis of tenure reform in forest landsin terms of the LIFE indicators shows that the anticipated positive impacts are yet to be fully realized on the ground. The issuance of the different tenure instruments have benefited the government more by effectively recruiting local communities to take on forest management and protection responsibilities – tasks which the government was expected to perform before the tenure reform took place. However, livelihood and income of forest communities have not significantly improved in most cases. The combined effects of unstable policies and insecure use rights, over regulation and centralized issuance of resource use permit, inadequate institutional support system, poor market access and opportunities, and limited capacities at the local level prohibit genuine tenure reform from taking root.Instead of bundles of rights and their corresponding benefits, we argue that what have been devolved by the State so far are bundles of responsibilities that put more weights to the already burdened communities. This situation thwarts the accrual of benefits to the upland poor and may impede the promotion of sustainable forest management in Community-Based Forest Management areas. The paper distilled specific lessons and recommendations to enhance the impacts of forest tenure reform on livelihood and equity and advance sustainable forest management that has relevance to other tropical countries of similar situation.

The potential of devolved conservation to empower people, reduce poverty and protect forest resources has yet to be realized in much of the developing world. This is particularly evident in the Philippines where the central state paradoxically recentralizes political power through devolution at the policy, program and project level in forest management. We investigate how centralized state power emanates through devolved networks to affect the success of local timber utilization involving community-based forest management (CBFM) on Mindanao Island, the southern Philippines. By examining broader shifts from centralized to devolved forest management, results suggest that centralized political power continues to control and adversely affect local uses of timber through CBFM. We discuss how in the process of state authorities recentralizing devolved rights and responsibility over timber management, community-based logging operations were threatened but sustained by members relying on community-based structures and their own capabilities. The conclusion asserts that broader state processes of devolving power over timber management remains constrained by political motives and interests and so largely fails to fulfill the objectives of community-based forest management. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Decentralized forest policy has been moderately successful in delivering resource-use rights to local people. At the same time, it is possible that decentralization leads to recentralization because governments never give their authority over forest resources. Recentralization studies have paid little attention to the potential of local dynamics to lead to institutional arrangements that affect forest outcomes. This paper uses a case study of Community-based Forest Management (CBFM) in the Philippines to explore how local realities lead to the development of effective institutions for forest management. In this case study, local informal regulations of forest resource use were created through the process of settling local conflicts among competing CBFM interests, including members and non-members of people's organizations, and frontline foresters who are working at local level. Frontline foresters played a role as coordinator of institutional arrangements that regulate local forest exploitation within the CBFM implementation process. The behavior of frontline foresters affected by their own personalities and existing social relations among residents, can deter recentralization in some ways. More attention is needed on the role of frontline foresters and non-members of people's organization as influential negotiators in state-society relations concerning forests. © 2013 Steve Harrison, John Herbohn.

Under conditions of limited time, resources, and attention, appraisal of responses to threats of industrial pollution presents formidable challenges for governance and disaster preparedness. A community's social dynamics could very well explain how the responses to such perturbations are made and what inherent traits of the household community make them adaptive to disasters. Using both qualitative and quantitative approaches in research this study looked at the collective action and adaptive capacity communities affected by an oil spill. Questionnaire was fielded out to elicit data on communities' quantitative level of adaptive capacity and focus group discussion, in- depth interviews, observations, and narrative analysis were employed for qualitative data. The oil spill experience reveals three forms of collectivity: actions through formal organizations, informal organizations and spontaneous actions-all anchored on residents' varying motives, and intentions. Collective action when harnessed by personal agency results into desired trajectories thus strengthening communities' adaptive capacity. A household adaptive capacity index (HACI) consisting of demographic structure, economic well-being interconnecttivity to higher level processes, and dependence on a resource- as indicator of measuring adaptive capacity was devised and employed in selective communities affected by oil spill in Guimaras, Philippines. Ten percent or 88 households were randomly selected as survey respondents. In the outcome, the communities were fairly adaptable (with HACI of 55.43) to the perturbations. It was concluded that a strong social capital, high economic well-being, and less dependence on a single resource for livelihood made the household highly adaptable to environmental stresses.

Under conditions of limited time, resources, and attention, appraisal of responses to threats of industrial pollution presents formidable challenges for governance and disaster preparedness. A community's social dynamics could very well explain how the responses to such perturbations are made and what inherent traits of the household/community make them adaptive to disasters. Using both qualitative and quantitative approaches in research, this study looked at the collective action and adaptive capacity of communities affected by an oil spill. Questionnaire was fielded out to elicit data on communities' quantitative level of adaptive capacity and focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, observations, and narrative analysis were employed for qualitative data. The oil spill experience reveals three forms of collectivity: actions through formal organizations, informal organizations and spontaneous actions -- all anchored on residents' varying motives, and intentions. Collective action when harnessed by personal agency results into desired trajectories thus strengthening communities' adaptive capacity. A household adaptive capacity index (HACI) consisting of demographic structure, economic well-being, interconnectivity to higher level processes, and dependence on a resource-- as indicator of measuring adaptive capacity was devised and employed in selected communities affected by oil spill in Guimaras, Philippines. Ten percent or 88 households were randomly selected as survey respondents. In the outcome, the communities were fairly adaptable (with HACI of 55.43) to the perturbations. It was concluded that a strong social capital, high economic well-being, and less dependence on a single resource for livelihood made the household highly adaptable to environmental stresses.

Forest tenure reform has opened economic and livelihood opportunities for community forestry management through the devolution of management rights under broader decentralisation reforms. However, the transfer of rights and associated power to forest communities is usually partial. The view of property as composed of ′bundles of rights′ allows for the disaggregation of rights transferred from government to local people. In practice, it is common that rights held by natural resource stakeholders encompass only part of the rights bundle. This partial transfer of rights shapes community forestry institutions and the manner in which they function. When communities and state agencies share responsibilities and benefits of forest management, they collaborate within co-management systems. Co-management systems are attractive to governments because they open avenues for local participation in resource governance and more equitable benefit-sharing while maintaining some level of state control. However, co-management systems can place a greater burden on community level actors without providing the corresponding benefits. As a result, co-management can fail to meet expectations. In response, the promotion of community forestry may require greater emphasis on adjusting forest regulatory frameworks, institutions, and agencies, to allow more freedom by community-level actors in developing forest management systems. Copyright © 2012 Cronkleton et al.

Decentralisation reforms and political conditions in the Philippines present an ideal environment for forest management by recognising the land entitlements of upland and indigenous communities and promoting the involvement of local government units. By assessing whether current conditions - policies, institutions, and programmes - are conducive to effective decentralisation, this study examines the present state of decentralisation in the forestry sector of the Philippines. By analysing case studies conducted in Nueva Vizcaya Province, it also attempts to answer a broader question: when is decentralisation a success and when is it a failure? A number of uncertainties are revealed, along with various issues that hamper decentralisation, and that are interrelated and reinforce one another in much the same way as they have done over the past decade. The study highlights the need for caution when increasing the involvement of government at different levels, as it affects the pace of decentralisation reforms. It also shows that a mix of site-specific interventions and community endeavours that focus on securing local livelihoods has led to some success. This is a strategy that helps decentralisation reforms. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) are closely associated. This volume will help researchers and practitioners to have a better idea on the current trend of research in the field, and will provide basic knowledge on this important topic.

Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) are closely associated. After the Bali Conference of Parties (COP) 2007, there has been significant awareness in global and national level to make collective focus on CCA and DRR. There exists some literature on CCA, however, the linkages with the DRR is not clear. The Nairobi Work Program (NWP), facilitated by the UNFCCC (UN Framework of Convention on Climate change) and the Parties have found specific scope of actions to enhance the CCA and DRR agenda in developing countries. Different national and international agencies have started undertaking initiatives on this aspect but very few concrete measures have been implemented. At this onset, the book provides 19 case studies from 13 countries and regions in Asia. The case studies highlight different aspects of CCA-DRR entry points, like policy interventions, drought risk management, coastal management, agro-forestry, lagoon management, livelihood issues and risk communication. This book is a complimentary volume of Volume 4: Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction: Issues and Challenges, which focuses on the theory of CCA and DRR and its enabling environment, CCA-DRR linkages framework of governance, education and technology, different entry points like urban, coast, forest, river, and housing; and finally provided a regional perspective of developing countries. The primary targets of this book are the students and researchers in the field of disaster risk reduction, climate change, environmental studies and related risks. The book will help them to have a better idea on the current trend of research in the field, and will provide basic knowledge on this important topic. The other target group is practitioners and policy makers for applying the collective knowledge into policy and decision making.

1. Water resources in the Philippines: overview and framework of analysis -- 2. Water supply, demand and uses and the drivers of change -- 3. Laws, institutional arrangements and policy instruments -- 4. Domestic household use and sanitation patterns in urban, urbanizing and rural settings -- 5. Industrial/commercial water use and pollution/disposal problems -- 6. Agricultural water management issues -- 7. Aquaculture/marine resources water management -- 8. Multiple/Integrated Water Resources Utilization -- 9. Sustaining water resources with environmental protection -- 10. National and local initiatives in addressing water supply, water quality and sustainability -- 11. Policies and institutional interventions for water demand management -- 12. Towards a more responsive water policy and practice: challenges and prospects

Decentralizing property rights from state control to user communities has encouraged people's participation in forest management. Relatively few studies, however, examine the forest regulations required for exercising such property rights. To address this issue, Schlager and Ostrom's 'bundle of rights' framework was used to examine various forms of property rights and regulations in three systems of community-based forest management. The field research was undertaken in the northern Philippines, using eight cases of community-based forest management at sites in the provinces of Nueva Vizcaya and Ifugao. Local communities were found to informally retain the authority to create locally crafted property rights and regulations in a central government-initiated program. While forest regulations and practices prescribed at the national level have improved forest conditions, the flow of forest benefits to communities has been limited because of decentralization without devolution of authority. A case study of a site initiated by a local government indicated that the transfer of responsibility from the central government to local government units can create more favourable conditions for the flow of forest benefits to communities. But due to a lack of clarity about devolution of cutting permits and about the locations of afforested critical watershed areas, authorized local users lose their authorization. When forest is managed traditionally, communities can have more assured rights than in government-initiated programs, particularly in relation to tree ownership. This is because individuals have the authority to devise collective-choice rights as well as operational rights. © 2013 Steve Harrison, John Herbohn.

© 2020 Elsevier Ltd In Southeast Asia, the presence of cleared and burned forests has long evoked deep emotions, symbolism and representations that powerfully inform the governance of forests and upland peoples. In particular, the palpable visibility of shifting (swidden) agriculturalists 'slashing and burning' forests has fuelled centuries-old political agendas to criminalise swidden farmers for supposedly destroying swaths of forests valued for timber, biodiversity and now ecosystem services. Swidden farmers who regularly clear and burn forests, have endured a disproportionate burden of blame for investing in and maintaining an old livelihood practice into the 21st Century. Drawing on Hall's politics of representation, we examine the contrasting political frames, management and practices of clearing and burning forests among upland farmers, state and non-state actors who govern forests on Palawan Island, the Philippines. We describe the social, economic, and biophysical character of swidden clearing and burning among the indigenous Tagbanua of central Palawan, whose livelihoods and landscapes are impacted by green governance and enclosures. Informed by several years of ethnographic fieldwork, we explore how and why Tagbanua farmers continue to clear and burn forest despite state and non-state actors criminalising these practices for decades. We argue that, despite sustained vilification and reduced fallows arising from governance policies and enclosures, Tagbanua farmers continue to clear and burn knowing well that, despite the practices being illegal, levels of tolerance and leniency toward swidden is the local norm, rather than exception—highlighting the importance of what we call 'atmospheres of consent'. Ethnoecological understandings of clearing and burning in the uplands, we argue, are crucial to recalibrating the burden of blame placed on poor farmers whose agriculture is deemed destructive by the region's burgeoning sustainability discourse.