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ONTARE. REVISTA DE INVESTIGACIÓN DE LA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA The Reverse Logistics used in Colombia is poorly understood; even though it handles the return of products and 1 or materials, it is not based on Reverse Logistics knowledge, but on sorne isolated implementations for the recovery of materials and products such as recycling, reusing and re­ manufacturing. lt takes time for companies to understand the benefits of Reverse Logistics in arder to: a) reduce problems with returns; b) anticípate regulatory compliance and environmental care policies; c) reply to current market demands in terms of environmental responsibility without incurring costs. Consumers are increasingly aware of the importance of acquiring environmentally sensitive products without mentioning government­ imposed regulations that companies require to rethink designs, processes and recovery of their products and their relocation in the market. ; ONTARE. REVISTA DE INVESTIGACIÓN DE LA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA La logística inversa en Colombia es poco conocida y aunque en ella se maneje el retorno de productos y/ o materiales, no se hace porque se tenga un cono- cimiento sobre el tema, no si porque existen algunas implementaciones ais- ladas en la recuperación de materiales y productos como lo son el reciclaje, la reutilización y la remanufactura (Monroy, Ahumada, y Cl, 2006). Las empresas deben tomarse su tiempo para entender las ventajas de la logística inversa con el propósito de: reducir problemas relacionados con las devoluciones; anticipar el cumplimiento de regulaciones y políticas de cuidado al ambiente; responder a las demandas actuales del mercado en cuanto a la responsabilidad ambiental sin incurrir en costos (Gaytan, 2012). Los consumidores están cada vez más conscientes de la importancia de adquirir productos sensibles al medio am- biente si mencionar las regulaciones impuestas por el gobierno que obligan a las organizaciones a replantear sus diseños, procesos y recuperación de sus productos y a colocarlos en el mercado. ; ONTARE. REVISTA DE INVESTIGACIÓN DE LA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA La logistique inversée, qui gère le retour des produits et matériaux vers leur lieux de fabrication, est peu connue en Colombie. Cela est principalement dû au fait qu'il existe certaines structures isolées ou processus indépendants de récupération des produits et matériaux que sont le recyclage ou la réutilisation. Les entreprises mettent du temps à comprendre les avantages de la logistique inversée en terme de: a) réduction des problèmes liés aux retours-produits, b) anticipation de la conformité aux règlements et aux politiques de respect de l'environnement, c) réponse aux exigences actuelles du marché en matière de responsabilité environnementale. Les consommateurs sont de plus en plus conscients de l'importance d'acquérir des produits respectant l'environnement sans omettre de mentionner les règlements imposés par les gouvernements obligeant les entreprises à repenser la conception des processus et la valorisation des produits mis sur le marché. ; ONTARE. REVISTA DE INVESTIGACIÓN DE LA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA A logística inversa é pouco conhecida na Colômbia, embora nela aconteça o retorno de produtos e/ou materiais, não é feita por ter conhecimento da logística inversa mas porque existem algumas implementações isoladas na recuperação de materiais e produtos como a reciclagem, a reutilização e a re-manufatura. As empresas devem tomar tempo para entender as vantagens da logística inversa com o propósito de: a) Reduzir problemas relacionados às devoluções, b) Antecipar o cumprimento de regulações e políticas de cuidado do ambiente, c) Responder às demandas atuais do mercado com respeito à responsabilidade ambiental sem acrescentar os custos. Os consumidores estão cada vez mais conscientes da importância de adquirir produtos sensíveis ao médio ambiente sem mencionar as regulações impostas pelo governo que obrigam às organizações a mudar seus desenhos, processos e recuperação de seus produtos e colocá-los no mercado.

In this document a critical analysis related to teacher's performance at "Escuela de Electromecánica del Instituto Técnico Central la Salle". One of the purpose is to determine the positive and negative (mistakes) aspects (facts) on the institutional preparation. The reflexion emerge from an research experience under teachers knowledge about assessment it takes into account basically the concept of evaluation which comes from public politics education based on laws 115 the 1994, law 30 the 1992, Decreto 1278 the 2002, they give some parameters such as: measurement, exclusion and the homogenitation of teacher's professional work. In the other way the focus theacher's evaluation take into account: count result, pay for merit, professional development and evaluation in order to increase this school, according to Niño (2001). He said that it corresponded to the theories of evaluation to dominant the world. ; En este artículo se hace un análisis crítico de la evaluación de desempeño docente en la Escuela de Electro Mecánica del Instituto Técnico Central La Salle. Por cierto, una de sus pretensiones es la determinación de los aciertos y errores en la planeación institucional. Para la reflexión que emerge de una experiencia investigativa en las concepciones de los docentes sobre la evaluación, se tiene en cuenta principalmente el concepto de evaluación que subyace en las políticas públicas educativas como la Ley 115 de 1994, Ley 30 de 1992, el Decreto 1278 de 2002, que propician la evaluación como medición, exclusión y la homogenización del ejercicio profesional docente; por otro lado, los enfoques de evaluación docente como: rendición de cuentas, pago por merito, desarrollo profesional y evaluación para la mejora de la escuela que, según Niño (2001), corresponde a las tendencias teóricas de la evaluación predominantes en el mundo.

The decentralisation of social security in general, and old-age pensions in particular, has been proposed by several nationalist parties in Spain. The purpose of this article is to analyse the rationality of this proposal, taking into account efficiency and equity issues. It is divided into four sections. The first introductory section reviews the most important literature on fiscal federalism, applying it to pensions. The second section analyses the division of competencies in Spanish old-age benefits, focusing specifically on legal aspects. The third describes the degree of decentralisation of public transfers for the elderly in several countries: Belgium, Canada, Germany, the United States and the United Kingdom. The final section evaluates the current Spanish system, considers the possibility of decentralisation in the light of economic efficiency, territorial equity and lessons learnt from other federal countries, and examines the evolution of the principal quantitative variables regarding the old-age pensions in the different Autonomous Regions.

AbstractSeveral studies have described a perspective among citizens that entails a negative image of public administration or civil servants that persists even after positive encounters and experiences. However, this ambivalent attitude has rarely been studied empirically. The authors refer to this attitude as "bureauphobia" and seek to enhance the existing literature through an analysis of its scope and root causes in Spain. The article analyzes two surveys conducted in 2009 and 2010, elaborating two alternative measures of bureauphobia. The results are similar regardless of the survey used and the specific operationalization of the concept: more than 20 percent of each sample exhibits a perspective that combines a negative image of public administration and satisfaction with its performance. A general attitude of distrust stands out among the variables associated with bureauphobia. Substantial regional variation is evident in the extent of the phenomenon.

Los indicadores basados en la satisfacción ciudadana que permitan lacomparación territorial del rendimiento de las políticas podrían útilesen Estados descentralizados. Pero ¿qué hay detrás de la (in)satisfaccióncon las políticas? En el artículo se examina la satisfacción de losespañoles con tres políticas: educación, sanidad (cuyas competenciasrecaen en las Comunidades Autónomas) y pensiones (Gobierno central),mediante una encuesta representativa a nivel autonómico. Se concluyeque existen diferencias en el grado de satisfacción entre las distintasComunidades, especialmente cuando la competencia recae en losgobiernos autonómicos. Aunque se reducen, estas diferencias persistenincluso cuando se controlan los efectos de las variables individuales yregionales socioeconómicas. Partiendo de esta base, puede ser prometedorestudiar en qué medida distintos grados de satisfacción se debena diferentes modelos de gestión en educación y sanidad.

Se propone una cronología para los ciclos de negocios de Colombia en la concepción clásica del NBER; esto es, determinando las fechas de picos y valles en la actividad económica sin separar las series utilizadas en sus componentes transitorio y permanente. La cronología estimada sugiere que los cuatro ciclos completos que se han presentado entre 1975 y 2011 son asimétricos y tienen una duración aproximada de 6,8 años. Las expansiones duran en promedio 5,4 años mientras que las contracciones tardan 1,3 años. Los resultados se derivan de la utilización del índice de difusión acumulado con 41 series.

[EN] Atrial fibrillation (AF) is already the most commonly occurring arrhythmia. Catheter pulmonary vein ablation has emerged as a treatment that is able to make the arrhythmia disappear; nevertheless, recurrence to arrhythmia is very frequent. In this study, it is proposed to perform an analysis of the electrical signals recorded from bipolar catheters at three locations, pulmonary veins and the right and left atria, before to and during the ablation procedure. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to reduce data dimension and Granger causality and divergence techniques were applied to analyse connectivity along the atria, in three main regions: pulmonary veins, left atrium (LA) and right atrium (RA). The results showed that, before the procedure, patients with recurrence in the arrhythmia had greater connectivity between atrial areas. Moreover, during the ablation procedure, in patients with recurrence in the arrhythmial both atria were more connected than in patients that maintained sinus rhythms. These results can be helpful for procedures designing to end AF. ; This work has been supported by the Spanish Government, under the grant DPI2015-70821-R received from the research program Retos de la Sociedad' by the Ministry of Economics and Competitiveness. ; Cervigón, R.; Castells, F.; Gómez-Pulido, JM.; Pérez-Villacastín, J.; Moreno, J. (2018). Granger Causality and Jensen-Shannon Divergence to Determine Dominant Atrial Area in Atrial Fibrillation. Entropy. 20(1):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/e20010057 ; S ; 1 ; 14 ; 20 ; 1

La Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México (ZMVM) ha experimentado una expansión no proporcional al crecimiento poblacional. Entre otras modalidades de poblamiento, la construcción de grandes conjuntos habitacionales periféricos propicia esa expansión, imponiendo costos individuales y sociales. Se revisan aquí las características de la expansión urbana en la ZMVM y las condiciones de producción de vivienda social periférica, la pérdida de ingreso de los individuos derivada de la distancia a los centros de trabajo y, a través de un modelo de precios hedónicos, se estima el rol de esa distancia en el diferencial de precios entre la vivienda periférica y la intraurbana.

Government based Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) have been criticized for not maximizing environmental effectiveness through appropriate targeting, while instead prioritizing social side-objectives. In Mexico, existing literature on how the Payments for Ecosystem Services-Hydrological program (PSA-H) has targeted deforestation and forest degradation shows that both the process of identifying the eligible areas and the choice of the selection criteria for enrolling forest parcels have been under the influence of competing agendas. In the present paper we study the influence of the PSA-H multi-level governance on the environmental effectiveness of the program–the degree to which forest at high risk of deforestation is enrolled- building from a "policyscape" framework. In particular, we combine governance analysis with two distinct applications of the policyscape framework: First, at national level we assess the functional overlap between the PSA-H and other environmental and rural programs with regard to the risk of deforestation. Second, at regional level in the states of Chiapas and Yucatan, we describe the changing policy agenda and the role of technical intermediaries in defining the temporal spatialization of the PSA-H eligible and enrolled areas with regard to key socio-economic criteria. We find that, although at national level the PSA-H program has been described as coping with both social and environmental indicators thanks to successful adaptive management, our analysis show that PSA-H is mainly found in communities where deforestation risk is low and in combination with other environmental programs (protected areas and forest management programs). Such inertia is reinforced at regional level as a result of the eligible areas' characteristics and the behaviour of technical intermediaries, which seek to minimise transaction costs and sources of uncertainty. Our project-specific analysis shows the importance of integrating the governance of a program in the policyscape framework as a way to better systematize complex interactions at different spatial and institutional scales between policies and landscape characteristics.

This paper examines the role of Natural Protected Areas (NPAs) as a source of economic spillovers for mass tourism destinations in Mexico. An econometric model was used to explain the number of booked rooms in tourism destinations as a function of proximity to NPAs, controlling for destination characteristics. A conservative estimate suggests that some rooms booked by foreign visitors can be explained by proximity to NPAs. Our results open public policy options, such as a compensating mechanism from conventional tourism to fund NPAs and show that they would be economically efficient and contribute to sustainability.