Suchergebnisse

Organized crime represents a serious threat to the security, economy, and
sometimes for the legal order of the country. Criminal groups not only use
the achievements of information and communication technologies (iCT) for the
expansion of the organization, communication and management of activities
and resources, but also invest, through secret and illegal channels, to
develop their own applications of their own applications that they will use
for their activities. Organized criminal groups themselves, the most
powerful ones, have their iCT experts whose goal is not only to protect
communication channels, but also to devise new ways of ?circumventing? and
neutralizing police measures and techniques for detecting and monitoring
their activities. Members of organized criminal groups to use those
communication applications that enable encrypted transmission to electronic
devices using the necessary operating system, enabling the installation of
the application and the establishment of a connection to the internet in
order to enable the necessary protected communication. There are also
applications that allow the entire device to be encrypted, making it
difficult to find its contents or discover the necessary information and
evidence. This paper presents the characteristics of organized crime and
their operating modes, with an emphasis on the use of cryptographic
techniques. Case studies are illustrating the size and scope of abuse of
encryption by organized criminal groups, by data on cases which were
processed, as well as challenges in opposing the abuse of cryptography from
a technical-technological and legal aspect, after that we provided guideline
for improving the mechanisms for reduction of organized crime.

Kao jedna od najmlađih država u Evopi, Crna Gora je posebno interesantan primer kako se u političkom okviru odvija simboličko nadmetanje između dva projekta izgradnje nacije. Pitanje crnogorskog nacionalnog identiteta predstavljalo je središte crnogorske politike od kraja 19. veka, međutim nikad nije postojao jasan konsenzus na pitanje ko su tačno Crnogorci. Podržana rekonstruisanim značenjem crnogorske nacije, novonastala crnogorska nacionalna svest ubrzana je nakon raskida sa Srbijom i proglašenja nezavisnosti 21. maja 2006. Crna Gora je od raspada Jugoslavije na svom putu ka državnosti prošla kroz tranzicije iz republike u Saveznoj Republici Jugoslaviji (SRJ) u državu članicu Srbije i Crne Gore u periodu 2003-2006. godine, a nakon toga u nezavisnu državu od 2006. godine. Međutim, tranzicija državnosti nije predstavljala rezultat jednog šireg narodnog konsenzusa. Podela u vladajućoj političkoj stranci reformisanih komunista, Demokratskoj partiji socijalista (DPS) 1997. godine, podstakla je političku borbu između dve bivše frakcije ove stranke. Tokom perioda od 15 godina promenjivi politički programi vladajućeg DPS-a i protivničke Socijalističke narodne partije (SNP), poslužili su kao izvor za redefinisanje značenja etničkog (nacionalnog) identiteta. U svojoj konkurenciji za društvene, političke ili ekonomske resurse, crnogorske elite su primenom političkih mera, etno-kulturne državne politike i aktivnim korišćenjem medija uspele da pojedine činjenice i događaje pretvore u referentne tačke za građane Crne Gore na način da identifikuju sebe. Stoga su ti događaji postali osnova pripadnosti određenoj zajednici i ujedno pomogli u razgraničenju specifične crnogorske od srpske zajednice.

Historically speaking, along with the development of ICT, the ways of their misuse developed as well. Whoever may have bad intentions will keep finding new methods to abuse these technologies. These methods are based on vulnerabilities of ICT systems, whether they are technical or related to human factor. This paper describes the phenomena of the so-called social engineering and phishing, as modes of performing the criminal offences of fraud and computer fraud, which are used for illegal collection and abuse of the data of ICT system users, in order to mislead them towards acting in a way that causes harm to their own or someone else's possession, with the intention of illegal gain for the perpetrator. Contemporary phishing attacks are very sophisticated, adapted to the potential victims and adjusted to their affinities. The collecting of information regarding a potential victim is most often done via social networks. Therefore, this paper describes the process of planning acts of fraud and explains two most common techniques for data collecting - via social networks and via the victim's illegal router hijacking. A special emphasis is put on the criminal law treatment of these phenomena in the legislation of the Republic of Serbia, as well as on solving the dilemmas about technical terms in fraudulent acts in Serbian and English languages. The authors present different forms of social engineering and phishing in ICT systems, i.e. cyberspace, and discuss if and in which cases their acts have legal characteristics of the aforementioned criminal offences. The authors also present and analyze Serbian criminal legislation,with the emphasis on the crime of fraud and similar crimes, which are, in their essence, special forms of fraud. The stress is put on the crime of computer fraud and its characteristic features in comparison with the crime of fraud. The authors consider the changes in legislation that would lead to reformulating the crime of computer fraud so as to encompass various acts carried out with the use of the information-communication technologies. ; Posmatrano iz istorijske perspektive, paralelno sa razvojem informaciono-komunikacionih tehnologija (IKT) razvijaju se i načini njihove zloupotrebe. Zlonamerni akteri kontinuirano pronalaze nove metode za zloupotrebu ovih tehnologija koje su zasnovane na ranjivostima IKT sistema, bilo da je reč o tehničkim ili ranjivostima vezanim za ljudski faktor. U radu su opisani fenomeni tzv. socijalnog inženjeringa i fišinga, kao načina izvršenja krivičnih dela prevare i računarske prevare, kojima se nezakonito prikupljaju i koriste podaci korisnika IKT sistema kako bi se oni doveli u zabludu ili održali u njoj i usled toga postupili na štetu sopstvene ili tuđe imovine, uz nameru sticanja protivpravne imovinske koristi od strane učinioca. Savremeni fišing napadi su veoma sofisticirani, prilagođeni potencijalnoj žrtvi i usklađeni sa njenim afinitetima. Prikupljanje informacija o potencijalnoj žrtvi najčešće se sprovodi putem društvenih mreža. Stoga je u radu opisan proces planiranja prevarnih radnji i objašnjene su dve najzastupljenije tehnike prikupljanja podataka - putem društvenih mreža i putem nelegalnog preuzimanja kontrole nad ruterom žrtve. Poseban akcenat je stavljen na krivičnopravni tretman ovih fenomena u zakonodavstvu Republike Srbije kao i na pojmovno razjašnjenje terminoloških nedoumica u vezi sa prevarnim radnjama u srpskom i anglosaksonskom jeziku. Autori predstavljaju heterogene oblike ispoljavanja socijalnog inženjeringa i fišinga u IKT sistemima, tj. sajber prostoru, i razmatraju da li se i u kojim slučajevima njihovim vršenjem ispunjavaju zakonska obeležja pomenutih krivičnih dela.

From the viewpoint of cybercrime, young people represent a particularly vulnerable category of Internet users: children, adolescents and students. Young people are, undoubtedly, the most common and the most gullible users of social networks. Due to lack of education related to dangers they are exposed to on social networks, inexperienced users recklessly post information and multimedia contents on their profiles which can be misused by differently motivated Internet users. Apart from being exposed to the risk from the violation of personal privacy and misuse of personal data, young people are exposed to the risk from political or ideological manipulation. Various studies on social networks and secondary school students have been conducted in the Republic of Serbia. However, no study in this field which would look at university students has yet been conducted. The purpose of this study was to discover the extent to which students use social networking sites, but also the sources and ways students perceive online security risks associated with social networking. Study results show that the media has a dominant role in educating young people on the risks associated with social networking and that the impact of the media is greater than the impact of other educational factors such as family, school or university. ; S gledišta kibernetičkoga kriminaliteta mladi ljudi (djeca, adolescenti i studenti) predstavljaju osobito ranjivu skupinu korisnika interneta. Mladi su ljudi, bez sumnje, najčešći i najlakovjerniji korisnici društvenih mreža. Zbog nedostatka edukacije o opasnostima kojima su izloženi na društvenim mrežama, neiskusni korisnici na svojim profilima nesmotreno objavljuju informacije i multimedijske sadržaje koje mogu upotrijebiti korisnici interneta koji imaju drugačije motive. Osim što su izloženi riziku kršenja osobne privatnosti i zlouporabe osobnih podataka, mladi se ljudi izlažu mogućoj političkoj i ideološkoj manipulaciji. U Republici Srbiji provedene su razne studije o društvenim mrežama i srednjoškolcima, no ni jedna od tih studija nije za ciljnu skupinu imala studente. Svrha ovoga istraživanja bila je ustanoviti do koje se mjere studenti koriste društvenim mrežama na internetu i utvrditi izvore putem kojih se informiraju o sigurnosnim rizicima vezanim uz društveno umrežavanje. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da mediji imaju dominantnu ulogu u upoznavanju mladih ljudi s rizicima vezanim uz društveno umrežavanje. Utjecaj medija veći je od utjecaja ostalih odgojno-obrazovnih čimbenika kao što su obitelj, škola ili fakultet.

The article focuses on the analyses of the problem of legal regulation of cyberspace conflicts. The authors discuss about eventual legal qualifications of cyber warfare, underlining two main issues: first, the fact that cyber warfare cannot be considered as an act of the aggression according to the definition introduced by the UN Resolution; and, second, that it is widely considered that cyber warfare is more than an criminal act incriminated by national legislation. Having this in mind, the authors discuss about possibility of applying some of the established international treaty systems (International Law of War, International Space Law, Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Antarctic Treaty System, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Mutual legal assistance treaties) as models for regulating cyberspace. ; Članak je posvećen razmatranju problema pravne neregulisanosti konflikata u kiber prostoru. Autori raspravljaju o mogućim pravnim kvalifikacijama čina kiber ratovanja, ukazujući da se on ne može podvesti pod definiciju agresije usvojenu u rezoluciji Ujedinjenih nacija, ali da je ipak nedovoljno karakterisati ga kao krivično delo kažnjivo po odredbama nacionalnih zakonodavstava. U centralnom delu rada autori analiziraju nekoliko međunarodnih ugovornih režima: međunarodno ratno pravo, Sporazum o neširenju nuklearnog naoružanja, međunarodno kosmičko pravo, Sistem antarktičke povelje, Konvenciju Ujedinjenih nacija o pravu mora i ugovore o uzajamnoj pravnoj saradnji, kako bi utvrdili da li oni mogu služiti kao model za regulisanje međudržavnih konflikata u kiber prostoru.

In previous research we were dealing with the national interest as an analytical concept, where we gave a detailed review of different relevant authors' perspectives about the concept of national interest, and provided with suggestions for the analysis of the national interests of the Republic of Serbia, through analysis of the National Security Strategy, analysis of keynote addresses of Prime Minister nominees, and analysis of statements from official Government representatives. We also gave a review of two most common tools for analysis of national interests – matrices developed by Joseph Frankel and Donald E. Nuechterlein in 1970s, and we focused on Nuechterlein's division of national interest by two criteria. The first one identifies basic interests of one state (defense, economy, world order, and ideology), and the second one identifies the intensity of the former (existential, vital, major, and peripheral). In this paper, we analyzed the national interest of the Republic of Serbia in a manner stated through keynote addresses (Government programmes) of Prime Minister Nominees from 2071 to 2017, which included eight Programmes overall. The main objective of this paper was to test the cognitive potential of the national interest, with the basic hypothesis that the national interest of small states is linked with the so-called "hard core of national interest" as implied by the Realists (Morgenthau), which is related to the issues of survival. First we gave a review of the thematization of small states in Realist literature, where we recognized the key period when small states became a focus of research for several theorists (Robert Rothstein, Annette B. Fox, Robert O. Keohane, Peter R. Baehr, Miriam F. Elman, and Kenneth Waltz). Then we gave a brief recapitulation of the importance of national interest as an analytical concept, with an end view of Frankel's and Nuechterlein's contribution to the development of its analytical potential. We have chosen the Nuechterlein's matrix, so that our scope for analysis was the Adjusted Nuechterlein's matrix – the world order interests for great powers were reduced to the level of regions for small states. In case of Serbia, it is the "Western Balkans" and Europe. The Adjusted Nuechterlein matrix was then applied to operationalized structure of these addresses (Programmes). We conducted the qualitative analysis of the Keynote addresses' content, firstly through the list of priorities given, then through the analysis of how the author of the Programme labeled specific issue ("of high priority", "of utmost importance", etc.), and lastly, in what context the expression "national interest" have been used. In the analysis of the national interest of the Republic of Serbia through Government programmes, we considered the following conditions: the state strength through small states concept in International Relations theories, and the specificities of the Republic of Serbia in relation to immediate ("Western Balkans") and wider (European) environment. Our findings showed us that there are two regularly mentioned priorities of the highest intensity (existential interests): Kosovo and Metohija, and the process of accession to the European Union, with a few more priorities only once mentioned as the highest ones – demographical issue and energy security. Combined existential and vital included the fight against organized crime and corruption, economic recovery, and the improvement of relations with neighboring countries. Our conclusion is that existential interests are primarily focused on values related to survival, which is in accordance with the Realist "hard core of international relations".

"Analyzing New Forms of Social Disorders in Modern Virtual Environments provides expert articles from the areas of psychology, sociology, technology, and security. We attempt to explain the phenomena of virtual lives and real behavior, and unsafety and provide major challenges and safety measures. Covering topics such as cyber bullying, virtual violence, and virtual terror, this book is ideal for school instructors, administrators, psychology practitioners, scientists, and police"--

"This book analyzes the different forms of violence against vulnerable groups and minorities, states their civil rights, and illustrates the forms of weakening and violence supported by authorities against their own citizens by highlighting the challenges for people marked as unequal or weak and the possibilities that the 21st century offers to empower them"--

The assessment of security risks, challenges and threats is the first step in developing strategic documents in the field of security and defense. The Republic of Serbia does not still have a defined cyber defense strategy and the adequate legal framework for its planning and implementation. When developing strategic and normative documents, it is important to take into account the specifics of cyber space and cyber weapons. The principles and legality that are applied in the physical world are generally different from those in the cyber world. This second, virtual world, is characterized by insecurity and coincidence as the important features. This results in difficulties related to the inability to reach an adequate level of certainty necessary for making strategic decisions in terms of behavior predictability and functioning of the entities in cyberspace including cyber weapons. The paper describes eight principles of cyber warfare, which were established in 2001 by Parks and Duggan. In addition, taking into account the results of research conducted by relevant authors on the importance of the exponential law for the analysis, approximation and prediction of events in the virtual world, we felt it was justified to promote this law in a separate, ninth cyber warfare principle. The guidelines for the development of strategic documents are also important when defining the adequate legal framework, which should take into account the specifics of cyber world and cyber weapons in order to enable efficient and economical implementation of strategic objectives in this area. This paper presents a proposal for the redefinition of certain legal solutions and points to the ambiguity, incompleteness, inaccuracy and contradiction of certain provisions of positive legislation, indicating the possibilities of de lege ferenda. ; Procena bezbednosnih rizika, izazova i pretnji je prvi korak u izradi strategijskih dokumenata na polju bezbednosti i odbrane. Republika Srbija još uvek nema definisanu strategiju sajber odbrane niti adekvatan pravni okvir za njeno planiranje i implementaciju. Prilikom izrade strateških i normativnih dokumenta važno je uzeti u obzir specifičnosti sajber prostora i sajber oružja. Principi i zakonitosti koji važe u fizičkom svetu se uglavnom razlikuju od onih koji važe u sajber svetu. Ovaj drugi, virtuelni svet, kao bitna obeležja karakterišu nesigurnost i slučajnost. Ovo za posledicu ima teškoće koje se odnose na nemogućnost dostizanja adekvatnog stepena izvesnosti neophodnog za donošenje strategijskih odluka, u smislu predvidljivosti ponašanja i delovanja entiteta u sajber prostoru, uključujući i sajber oružje. U radu smo opisali osam principa sajber ratovanja, koje su još 2001. utvrdili Parks i Dagen. Osim toga, uvažavajući rezultate istraživanja relevantnih autora o značaju eksponencijalnog zakona za analizu, aproksimaciju i predikciju događaja u virtuelnom svetu, smatrali smo opravdanom ideju da se ovaj zakon promoviše u zasebni, deveti, princip sajber ratovanja. Smernice za izradu strateških dokumenata važne su i prilikom definisanja adekvatnog pravnog okvira, koji bi trebalo da uvaži specifičnosti sajber sveta i sajber oružja kako bi omogućio efikasnu i ekonomičnu implementaciju strateških ciljeva u ovoj oblasti. Autori daju predloge za redefinisanje određenih zakonskih rešenja i ukazuju na nejasnost, nepotpunost, nepreciznost i protivrečnost pojedinih odredaba pozitivno pravnih propisa, ukazujući i na mogućnosti de lege ferenda. .