This study aims to determine the relationship between zombie companies and the performance of corporate social responsibility, with corporate governance and ownership as moderator variables. A zombie company is a near-insolvent firm due to inefficiency and low profitability but still survive with external support from the government or bank (Kane, 1987). The determination of the sample is done by a purposive sampling method, with OLS and Moderated Regression Analysis methods. The number of research samples is 288 companies with a total of 1865 observations for the period 2010-2017. The analysis shows that CSR performance in zombie companies is lower than that of non-zombies. The moderator variable of corporate governance is proxied by board composition, while ownership is proxied by family ownership and institutional ownership. The board composition and institutional ownership variables do not moderate the negative effects of zombie companies on CSR performance, while the family ownership variable worsens the relationship between zombie companies and CSR performance. The research control variables are financial leverage, a dummy of state-owned enterprise, and firm size. While financial leverage has no effect on the CSR performance, the state-owned enterprise and firm size are positively related to that performance.
Pengelolaan Flight Information Region (FIR) Kepulauan Riau masih dikuasai oleh Singapura hingga saat ini. Pengelolaan FIR Kepulauan Riau oleh Singapura didasari dengan perjanjian delegasi pengelolaan FIR Kepulauan Riau, yaitu Agreement between Government of The Republic of Indonesia and Government of The Republic of Singapore on The Relignment of The Boundary Between The Singapore Flight Information Region and The Jakarta Flight Information Region. Perjanjian tersebut memiliki masa berlaku yang telah berakhir pada tahun 2001. Berakhirnya masa berlaku perjanjian membuat tidak adanya dasar hukum yang jelas pada pengelolaan FIR Kepulauan oleh Singapura. Berdasarkan UNCLOS 1982 serta Pasal 1 Konvensi Chicago 1944, dapat diketahui bahwa Kepulauan Riau adalah wilayah kedaulatan teritorial Indonesia, sehingga Indonesia memiliki kewajiban untuk mengelola FIR di wilayah tersebut. Berdasarkan penjelasan tersebut, dirumuskan dua masalah yaitu keabsahan pengelolaan FIR Kepulauan Riau oleh Singapura berdasarkan hukum internasional serta bentuk penyelesaian sengketa pengelolaan FIR Kepulauan Riau antara Indonesia dengan Singapura berdasarkan hukum internasional. Metode penelitian yang digunakan merupakan jenis penelitian yuridis-normatif atau penelitian hukum normatif. Penelitian ini akan menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Sumber bahan hukum dalam penelitian ini dibedakan menjadi sumber bahan hukum primer dan bahan hukum sekunder. Metode pengumpulan bahan hukum yang digunakan adalah studi kepustakaan. Teknik analisis bahan hukum yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode preskripsi. Hasil Penelitian menyatakan bahwa pengelolaan FIR Kepulauan Riau oleh Singapura berdasarkan hukum internasional dapat dikatakan tidak sah karena perjanjian delegasi pengelolaan FIR Kepulauan Riau tidak sah berdasarkan teori berlakunya dan berakhirnya perjanjian internasional. Selanjutnya, penyelesaian sengketa perebutan kekuasaan pengelolaan FIR Kepulauan Riau antara Pemerintah Indonesia dan Pemerintah Singapura dapat diselesaikan melalui mahkamah internasional karena merupakan putusan pihak ketiga yang berdasarkan data fakta yang telah dihasilkan oleh tim Mahkamah Internasional sendiri, sifat putusan final dan mengikat tanpa banding, serta para pihak yang telah mengikatkan diri sebelumnya tanpa paksaan. Rekomendasi yang dapat diberikan yaitu .Indonesia bersama Singapura perlu melakukan peninjauan ulang format perjanjian delegasi pengelolaan FIR Kepulauan Riau Tahun 1995 beserta MoD harus sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang ada. Selanjutnya, pihak ICAO diharapkan lebih meningkatkan peranannya dalam penyelesaian sengketa antar negara anggota serta melakukan kembali atas prosedur penyelesaian sengketa Kata Kunci : Flight Information Region, Perjanjian Internasional, Keabsahan, Kedaulatan, Penyelesaian Sengketa.
This study aims to determine the relationship between zombie companies and the performance of corporate social responsibility, with corporate governance and ownership as moderator variables. A zombie company is a near-insolvent firm due to inefficiency and low profitability but still survive with external support from the government or bank (Kane, 1987). The determination of the sample is done by a purposive sampling method, with OLS and Moderated Regression Analysis methods. The number of research samples is 288 companies with a total of 1865 observations for the period 2010-2017. The analysis shows that CSR performance in zombie companies is lower than that of non-zombies. The moderator variable of corporate governance is proxied by board composition, while ownership is proxied by family ownership and institutional ownership. The board composition and institutional ownership variables do not moderate the negative effects of zombie companies on CSR performance, while the family ownership variable worsens the relationship between zombie companies and CSR performance. The research control variables are financial leverage, a dummy of state-owned enterprise, and firm size. While financial leverage has no effect on the CSR performance, the state-owned enterprise and firm size are positively related to that performance.
This study aims to determine the relationship between zombie companies and the performance of corporate social responsibility, with corporate governance and ownership as moderator variables. A zombie company is a near-insolvent firm due to inefficiency and low profitability but still survive with external support from the government or bank (Kane, 1987). The determination of the sample is done by a purposive sampling method, with OLS and Moderated Regression Analysis methods. The number of research samples is 288 companies with a total of 1865 observations for the period 2010-2017. The analysis shows that CSR performance in zombie companies is lower than that of non-zombies. The moderator variable of corporate governance is proxied by board composition, while ownership is proxied by family ownership and institutional ownership. The board composition and institutional ownership variables do not moderate the negative effects of zombie companies on CSR performance, while the family ownership variable worsens the relationship between zombie companies and CSR performance. The research control variables are financial leverage, a dummy of state-owned enterprise, and firm size. While financial leverage has no effect on the CSR performance, the state-owned enterprise and firm size are positively related to that performance.
