Suchergebnisse

Meeting the Challenge of the Commons: An Emerging Field of Common Core Research -- Property Meeting the Challenge of the Commons in Belgium -- Property Meeting the Challenge of the Commons in Canada -- Property Meeting the Challenge of the Commons in Croatia -- Property Meeting the Challenge of the Commons in Germany -- Meeting the Challenge of the Commons in Italy -- Property Meeting the Challenge of the Commons in The Netherlands -- La Propriété Face aux Défis des biens Communs au Québec -- Property Meeting the Challenges of the Commons in Russia -- Property Meeting the Challenge of the Commons in Slovakia -- Property Meeting the Challenges of the Commons in South Africa -- Property Meeting the Challenge of the Commons in Spain -- Property Meeting the Challenge of the Commons in Sweden -- Property Meeting the Challenge of the Commons in the United States.

The establishment and validation of reliable induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived in vitro models to study microglia and monocyte/macrophage immune function holds great potential for fundamental and translational neuro-immunology research. In this study, we first demonstrate that ramified CX(3)CR1(+) iPSC-microglia (cultured within a neural environment) and round-shaped CX(3)CR1(-) iPSC-macrophages can easily be differentiated from newly established murine CX(3)CR1(eGFP/+)CCR2(RFP/+) iPSC lines. Furthermore, we show that obtained murine iPSC-microglia and iPSC-macrophages are distinct cell populations, even though iPSC-macrophages may upregulate CX(3)CR1 expression when cultured within a neural environment. Next, we characterized the phenotypical and functional properties of murine iPSC-microglia and iPSC-macrophages following classical and alternative immune polarisation. While iPSC-macrophages could easily be triggered to adopt a classically-activated or alternatively-activated phenotype following, respectively, lipopolysaccharide + interferon gamma or interleukin 13 (IL13) stimulation, iPSC-microglia and iPSC-macrophages cultured within a neural environment displayed a more moderate activation profile as characterised by the absence of MHCII expression upon classical immune polarisation and the absence of Ym1 expression upon alternative immune polarisation. Finally, extending our preceding in vivo studies, this striking phenotypical divergence was also observed for resident microglia and infiltrating monocytes within highly inflammatory cortical lesions in CX(3)CR1(eGFP/+)CCR2(RFP/+) mice subjected to middle cerebral arterial occlusion (MCAO) stroke and following IL13-mediated therapeutic intervention thereon. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that the applied murine iPSC-microglia and iPSC-macrophage culture models are able to recapitulate in vivo microglia and monocyte/macrophage ontogeny and corresponding phenotypical/functional properties upon classical and alternative immune polarisation, and therefore represent a valuable in vitro platform to further study and modulate microglia and (infiltrating) monocyte immune responses under neuro-inflammatory conditions within a neural environment. ; This work was supported by research grant G091518N (granted to PP) of the Fund for Scientific Research-Flanders (FWO-Vlaanderen, Belgium), by a Methusalem research grant from the Flemish government (granted to HG and ZB), by funding received from the Belgian Charcot Foundation (granted to PP and DLB) and by the ASCID (Antwerp Study Centre for Infectious Diseases). AQ and EL are holders of a PhD studentship from the FWO-Vlaanderen. EVB is holder of a PhD studentship from the University of Antwerp. DLB is holder of a postdoctoral fellowship from the FWO-Vlaanderen. FM is supported by the Penis 2016 from the Health Department of Generalitat de Catalunya. Research in the Pasque lab is supported by the Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO) (Odysseus Return Grant G0F7716N, to V.P.), the KU Leuven Research Fund (BOFZAP starting grant StG/15/021BF to V.P. Cl grant C14/16/077 to V.P. and Project financing).

The establishment and validation of reliable induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived in vitro models to study microglia and monocyte/macrophage immune function holds great potential for fundamental and translational neuro-immunology research. In this study, we first demonstrate that ramified CXCR1 iPSC-microglia (cultured within a neural environment) and round-shaped CXCR1 iPSC-macrophages can easily be differentiated from newly established murine CXCR1CCR2 iPSC lines. Furthermore, we show that obtained murine iPSC-microglia and iPSC-macrophages are distinct cell populations, even though iPSC-macrophages may upregulate CXCR1 expression when cultured within a neural environment. Next, we characterized the phenotypical and functional properties of murine iPSC-microglia and iPSC-macrophages following classical and alternative immune polarisation. While iPSC-macrophages could easily be triggered to adopt a classically-activated or alternatively-activated phenotype following, respectively, lipopolysaccharide + interferon γ or interleukin 13 (IL13) stimulation, iPSC-microglia and iPSC-macrophages cultured within a neural environment displayed a more moderate activation profile as characterised by the absence of MHCII expression upon classical immune polarisation and the absence of Ym1 expression upon alternative immune polarisation. Finally, extending our preceding in vivo studies, this striking phenotypical divergence was also observed for resident microglia and infiltrating monocytes within highly inflammatory cortical lesions in CXCR1CCR2 mice subjected to middle cerebral arterial occlusion (MCAO) stroke and following IL13-mediated therapeutic intervention thereon. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that the applied murine iPSC-microglia and iPSC-macrophage culture models are able to recapitulate in vivo microglia and monocyte/macrophage ontogeny and corresponding phenotypical/functional properties upon classical and alternative immune polarisation, and therefore represent a valuable in vitro platform to further study and modulate microglia and (infiltrating) monocyte immune responses under neuro-inflammatory conditions within a neural environment. ; This work was supported by research grant G091518N (granted to PP) of the Fund for Scientific Research-Flanders (FWO-Vlaanderen, Belgium), by a Methusalem research grant from the Flemish government (granted to HG and ZB), by funding received from the Belgian Charcot Foundation (granted to PP and DLB) and by the ASCID (Antwerp Study Centre for Infectious Diseases). AQ and EL are holders of a PhD studentship from the FWO-Vlaanderen. EVB is holder of a PhD studentship from the University of Antwerp. DLB is holder of a postdoctoral fellowship from the FWO-Vlaanderen. FM is supported by the Peris 2016 from the Health Department of Generalitat de Catalunya. Research in the Pasque lab is supported by the Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO) (Odysseus Return Grant G0F7716N, to V.P.), the KU Leuven Research Fund (BOFZAP starting grant StG/15/021BF to V.P. C1 grant C14/16/077 to V.P. and Project financing).

Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into injured or diseased tissuefor the in situ delivery of a wide variety of MSC-secreted therapeutic proteinsis an emerging approach for the modulation of the clinical course of several diseases and traumata. From an emergency point-of-view, allogeneic MSCs have numerous advantages over patient-specific autologous MSCs since off-the-shelf cell preparations could be readily available for instant therapeutic intervention following acute injury. Although we confirmed the in vitro immunomodulatory capacity of allogeneic MSCs on antigen-presenting cells with standard coculture experiments, allogeneic MSC grafts were irrevocably rejected by the host's immune system upon either intramuscular or intracerebral transplantation. In an attempt to modulate MSC allograft rejection in vivo, we transduced MSCs with an interleukin-13 (IL13)-expressing lentiviral vector. Our data clearly indicate that prolonged survival of IL13-expressing allogeneic MSC grafts in muscle tissue coincided with the induction of an alternatively activated macrophage phenotype in vivo and a reduced number of alloantigen-reactive IFN- and/or IL2-producing CD8(+) T cells compared to nonmodified allografts. Similarly, intracerebral IL13-expressing MSC allografts also exhibited prolonged survival and induction of an alternatively activated macrophage phenotype, although a peripheral T cell component was absent. In summary, this study demonstrates that both innate and adaptive immune responses are effectively modulated in vivo by locally secreted IL13, ultimately resulting in prolonged MSC allograft survival in both muscle and brain tissue. ; We thank A. Liston and S. Humblet-Baron (VIB Translational Immunology Lab, KU Leuven, Belgium) for sharing their optimized staining protocols for intracellular cytokine analysis by flow cytometry. This work was supported by research grants G.0130.11 and G.0136.11 (granted to A.V.d.L., Z.N.B. and P.P.), G.0131.11 (granted to Z.N.B. and P.P.), G.0834.11 (granted to S.H. and P.P.) and G.0851.11 (granted to C.V. and Z.N.B.) of the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO Vlaanderen, Belgium) and in part by a Methusalem research grant from the Flemish government (granted to H.G.). C.J.H. and E.Lu. hold a PhD studentship from the FWO Vlaanderen. C.G. and D.L.B. hold a PhD studentship from the Flemish Institute for Science and Technology (IWT Vlaanderen).