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Ontaro Institute for Studies in Educafton This paper analyzes four relatively recent models for the creation of worker-owned enterprises in Canada. The models are: (1) an integrated system of worker cooperatives; (2) integrating worker cooperatives within a system of other types of cooperatives; (3) a system of multi-stakeholder cooperatives; and (4) joint ventures involving a cooperative of the workers in partnership with privately owned corporations, private entrepreneurs and in some cases with established worker cooperatives. These four models are analyzed in terms of their potential to overcome problems that have traditionally plagued worker cooperative development.

Intro -- Contents -- A Review of Social Economy Research in Canada -- Abstract -- Keywords -- Editor's Introduction: Social Economy or the Solidarity Economy as Part of Nonprofit Sector Economics -- Introduction -- 1 The Social Economy Concept -- 1.1 The Rise of the Social Economy Concept -- 1.2 The Quebec Tradition via Francophone Europe -- 1.3 Other Movement Interpretations -- 1.4 The Social Economy as Bridging a Mixed Economy -- 1.5 Social Objectives: Central to the Social Economy -- 1.5.1 Charitable Objectives for Public Benefit -- 1.5.2 Meeting Member Needs through Mutual Aid/Self-Help -- 1.5.3 Operating with Social Objectives in the Market -- 1.6 Visualizing the Social Economy -- 1.7 Introducing the Components of the Social Economy -- 1.7.1 Social Economy Businesses -- 1.7.2 Community Economic Development Organizations -- 1.7.3 Public Sector Nonprofit Organizations -- 1.7.4 Civil Society Organizations -- 1.8 Bringing It All Together: Why the Social Economy? -- 2 The Scope and Size of the Social Economy Sector -- 2.1 Nonprofit Organizations -- 2.2 Cooperatives -- 2.3 Social Enterprises -- 3 Research on Voluntaristic Behaviors Enabling the Social Economy -- 3.1 Giving -- 3.2 Formal Volunteering -- 3.3 Participation and Informal Volunteering -- 4 Educational and Research Infrastructure Supporting the Social Economy in Canada -- 4.1 Educational Infrastructure -- 4.1.1 University and College Programs -- 4.1.2 Dissertations and Theses -- 4.1.3 Non-formal Education in Social Economy Organizations -- 4.2 Associations Supporting Research on the Social Economy Sector in Canada -- 4.2.1 Academic Associations -- 4.2.1.1 Canadian Association for Studies in Co-operation -- 4.2.1.2 Association for Nonprofit and Social Economy Research -- 4.2.2 Non-Academic, Community-Based Associations -- 4.2.2.1 CCEDNet: Canadian CED Network.

Abstract
Canada is a federal parliamentary democracy, officially bilingual (English and French), and one of the most multicultural countries in the world. Indeed, more than one-fifth of Canada's population consists of first-generation immigrants, and a similar percentage classify themselves as visible minorities. According to the 2016 census there are more than 250 distinct ethnic origins, often with distinct languages (Statistics Canada, 2016, 2017a). A confederation of ten provinces and three territories, Canada has a current population of over 36 million people who live across an expansive geographic area that constitutes the second largest country in the world. Most of its population live in urban settings (83%), with the largest cities being Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver (Statistics Canada, 2017b). Toronto is classified as the third-most cosmopolitan city in the world following Dubai and Brussels (World Atlas, 2018).
In this multifaceted context, the social economy of Canada plays an important role in bridging the public and private sectors to form a strong social infrastructure (Quarter, Mook, & Armstrong, 2018). It constitutes a vast range of organizations guided by social objectives including nonprofit organizations such as charities, foundations, and social enterprises; and cooperatives both non-financial, in fields such as housing, childcare, healthcare, and farm marketing, and financial such as credit unions and caisses populaires.
There are distinct traditions of the social economy in anglophone and francophone parts of Canada. There are also traditions specific to particular populations, such as the Black social economy (Hossein, 2013); and the Indigenous social economy (Restoule, Gruner, & Metatawabin, 2012; Sengupta, Vieta, & McMurtry, 2015; Wuttunee, 2010). In this review, we look at the anglophone research on the social economy, noting that there are also French-language research institutions and educational programs focusing on the social economy; however, a review of these is beyond the scope of this paper.
After providing an overview of the concept of the social economy in Canada, we go on to summarize research on its scope and size in the Canadian context. Using a Venn diagram, we highlight the interactions between the different sectors in society and emphasize that the social economy is an integral part of a mixed economy that serves in many ways as its social infrastructure. We find four different types of social economy organizations: social economy businesses, community economic development organizations, public sector nonprofits, and civil society organizations. From there, we focus on voluntaristic behaviors of giving, volunteering (formal and informal), and participating. Our focus shifts to describing the infrastructure supporting research of the sector, including key academic and umbrella associations and networks, as well as formal and informal education programs. Finally, we describe key funders of social economy research including government and foundations.

Abstract**:  Organizations within the social economy have unique characteristics, yet their accounting procedures do not reflect this uniqueness, and rather are designed for private‐sector organizations that exchange their goods and services in the market. We argue that conventional accounting creates a perception that social economy organizations are users of resources and separate from the private and public sectors, rather than creators of value and an integral part of our society (Quarter, Mook, and Richmond, 2003a). This paper addresses the accounting needs of social economy organizations by presenting a model of social accounting—the Socioeconomic Impact Statement—that may help bring out the impact of such organizations. The paper presents a demonstration project of the potential utility of the Socioeconomic Impact Statement.

This study proposed a theory of community-based development based upon a case study of the Evangeline region of Prince Edward Island (Canada). Evangeline is a small Acadian community with an economy that is based upon an interrelated system of cooperatives. Since general theories do not provide compelling explanations of how the phenomenon of community-based development takes place in a particular situation, this study adopted an inductive approach. Using a tentative theoretical framework derived from the history of the region and from the community-based development research literature, the study investigated the actual formation process of four Evangeline cooperatives through interviews with the initiators, a review of relevant documents and participant observation by the first author. The framework developed in this study proposes that effective community-based development must include three essential elements: community consciousness; strategies of empowerment; and the establishment of supportive structures. Each of these elements has subcomponents that are essential for community-based development. For community consciousness, these are community attachments and a movement perspective; for empowering activities, these are involvement strategies and strategies of self-reliance; and for supportive structures, the subcomponents are community development organizations to mobilize community resources, and external government and non-government organizations responsive to community initiatives.