Suchergebnisse

Fiscal policy plays a key role in the competitiveness of the economic system of a country, and in particular in tourism. Specific tourism taxes such as airport taxes, accommodation, etc. have to be added to the already high tax burden on all the productive sectors. Such taxes increase the level of prices of tourist products and services, further reducing the competitiveness of the sector. Some studies show that the tourism sector is experiencing high levels of demand elasticity with respect to price, just a slight increase in the prices of tourism products (due to the increase in taxes) in a country is enough to lose tourists, as they turn to cheaper destinations. The measures of the economic policy should take into account the potential of the tourism sector to generate income and employment, addressing interventions for the sector to draw a policy that increases the competitiveness of the sector and that is focused on what is happening in competitor countries. Starting from the competitiveness of Italian tourism, the study will draw a picture on taxes in the tourism sector, analyzing the positive and negative effects of this approach, and then comparing the Italian situation with other European countries.

Ha senso parlare di sostenibilità ambientale in piena crisi economica? In Italia sono ancora in molti a pensare che quando gli affari non vanno bene, non è il caso di pensare all'ambiente ed alle generazioni future: bisogna fare qualsiasi cosa per aumentare gli arrivi, anche a scapito dell'ambiente. Studi e riflessioni condotti negli ultimi anni, dimostrano esattamente il contrario. Basta analizzare, ad esempio, i dati del rapporto «Travel & Tourism Competitiveness» del 2011, prodotto dal World Economic Forum, nel quale risulta che Svizzera, Germania, Francia e Austria, sono i paesi più competitivi del turismo globale anche grazie alle politiche nazionali adottate in materia di sviluppo sostenibile e tutela delle risorse ambientali. Ai già noti fattori di mancanza di competitività del sistema turistico italiano: frammentazione dell'offerta, infrastrutture, livello dei prezzi elevato (se confrontato ad altri competitors), si affianca anche una politica ambientale inadeguata, con gravi ripercussioni sul turismo. Per arrivare ad un reale turismo sostenibile e attraverso questo rilanciare la competitività del sistema turistico italiano, possono essere adottate diverse strategie, una delle quali punta sui sistemi di certificazione di qualità (ISO, EMAS, ecc.), che estesi a livello territoriale (oltre che per i singoli soggetti), posso dare un valido contributo al lancio o rilancio della competitività turistica, nel rispetto dell'ambiente ed in un'ottica di turismo sostenibile. La sostenibilità ambientale, può essere un elemento di competitività per il turismo italiano e non un freno all'economia e alla creazione di reddito.

Gravity models utilize the attractive force concept as an analogy to explain volume of trade or capital flows. This paper aims at proving that direct investment flows between China and a group of South-East Asian countries are determined by standard variables included in gravity models such as: Gross domestic products of home and host economy and distance between them. In our gravity model on foreign direct investment (FDI) we include not only gravity variables but also other variables that may explain what factors affecting Chinese outward FDI (OFDI): Political risk, cultural proximity, the degree of openness to international trade and a proxy for natural resources. This paper, after having defined the variables that are capable of influencing Chinese OFDI, will suggest a method of econometric calculation of the gravitational model based on Prais-Winsten regression; correlated panels corrected standard errors.

This study aims to assess the relationship between government spending and government revenue in Malaysia. The study of the causal relationship between revenue and public expenditure has important implications for the choices of fiscal policies in the field of public finances. So, this study uses annual data for the period between 1985 - 2016 with Zivot and Andrews (1992) methods and Granger causality tests. Our results sustain the spend-and-tax hypothesis highlights how the increase in tax pressure is the wrong method to contain budget deficits. In fact, in addition to reducing the disposable income of households, a tax policy of this type would reduce savings. Therefore, also the investment. All this would hurt Malaysia's economic growth.

There are marked differences in the approaches that regulate genetically modified (GM) products and the new breeding techniques (NBTs) in the European Union (EU) and in other areas of the world. Through the review of regulations and ongoing discussions, we show that the world can be divided in two groups based on the discrepancies in the approach of the country's regulations. On the one hand, Europe, with the main countries of Asia and Africa, regulates New Breeding Techniques as a genetically modified organism. On the other, a group of countries mainly located in the American continent, together with Australia, adopted a case-by-case approach, and are generally at a more advanced stage in the implementation of these new techniques. The paper aims to evaluate the possible evolution in the countries' regulations on the use of NBTs in the next years. The division between Western and Eastern countries of the world is confirmed, with some interesting movements in some regions. Greater uniformity among national regulations would be desirable to promote the implementation of biotechnologies in agriculture. The main research findings are that most EU Member States have taken a conservative position, whereas the Eastern group is more advanced and this could be a driving force for some regions toward acceptance of these technologies in the coming years.