Suchergebnisse

AbstractThis study provides a new perspective on civil society in Cuba during the nineteenth century based on concrete information about multiple types of association in different regions of the island. Modern associations developed mainly to meet specific social and cultural needs, achieve legal autonomy from the state and exercise free association despite colonial constraints. This long-term evolution covers several periods of intersections between civil society and political spheres, framed primarily by non-violent constitutionalist and reformist struggles rather than armed separatist conflicts. These findings contradict prevalent interpretations that portray an endemically weak yet increasingly militant civil society. Instead, a growing, moderate, and progressively autonomous and diverse civil society contributed gradually to undermine colonial despotism and establish key bases for post-independence democracy.

Based on recent progress in the empirical and theoretical study of networks of corruption, this study explores historical evidence on the activities of groups and networks, which throughout different economic and political contexts appropriated public resources for private benefit. This analysis includes the intimate links of these networks with political leaders searching for support to control power by offering venal rewards that distort rules and incentives favorable to institutional and economic development. Diverse adaptations by these networks are found to take place in response to different phases of economic and financial modernization. Significant legacies are also detected from one generation of corrupt agents and networks to the next. ; Sobre la base de adelantos empíricos y teóricos recientes en el estudio de las redes de corrupción, se investigan las evidencias históricas del accionar de grupos y redes que, en distintos contextos económicos y políticos, se apropiaron de recursos públicos para beneficio particular. Se indaga asimismo las íntimas vinculaciones de estas redes con líderes políticos en pos del poder ofreciendo a cambio recompensas venales que distorsionan reglas e incentivos favorables al desarrollo institucional y económico. Se detectan diversas adaptaciones de estas redes en respuesta a distintas fases de modernización económica y financiera, al igual que significativos legados de una generación de redes y agentes corruptos a otra.

Cycles of bureaucratic corruption in nineteenth-century Cuba evolved according to institutional conditions shaped by interest groups, financial needs, imperatives of colonial governance, and internal conflicts and war. Corrupt gain inimical to general public interest was not a consequence of cultural constants, but of unreconstructed institutional flaws and weaknesses. The risks of engaging in bureaucratic corruption diminished under the systematic condoning of administrative faults, collusive allowance of illegal slave trafficking, and a code of illegal rewards expected by loyalist officials opposing colonial reform. Despite some few anti-corruption initiatives, the prosecution and punishment of corrupt officials was lax. The implicit, yet significant, financial, institutional and political costs of corruption contributed to the demise of Spanish imperial dominion over Cuba and left a damaging burden and legacy for Cuban civil society.

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RESUMENAl analizar las fluctuaciones cíclicas del desarrollo financiero peruano y su relación con la economía durante una fase principalmente agroexportadora, se intenta contribuir al debate sobre el sector de exportation y su contribución al desarrollo económico latinoamericano. La evidencia indica que las instituciones y grupos financieros domésticos contribuyeron a una relativa diversificación de la economía y ofrecieron un grado de competencia a intereses financieros foráneos. Es más, el reemplazo del modelo exportador por uno de sustitución de importaciones trajo consigo mayor concentración financiera y políticas financieras adversas al desarrollo financiero.

Attempts to find social explanations for Peruvian economic backwardness have focused on the role of the elite's economic leadership between 1884 and 1930. Some of these studies consider the leading social class as an obstacle to economic growth. According to these interpretations the elite had, first of all, traditional 'aristocratic' or irrational economic behaviour.1Secondly, the native elite's collaboration with international capital permitted foreign penetration adverse to national interests.2Thirdly, in the 1884–1930 period, which was dominated by the export recovery after the War of the Pacific, an over-specialisation in export interests limited the elite's economic diversification, industrial capacity and financial decisions.3