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List of figures 2 List of tables 2 List of abbreviations 3 Summary 4 Zusammenfassung 8 1\. Introduction 13 1.1. The global diffusion of environmental technologies as a key to sustainable development 13 1.2. Policies for promoting markets for environmental technologies in a changing global economy 13 1.3. Central research questions 14 2\. Brief Review of Current Debates in the Literature and Identification of Key Research Objectives 15 2.1. Environmental innovation and national competitiveness 15 2.1.1. Lead markets for environmental innovation in a changing world 15 2.1.2. The changing geography of innovation and industrial development in emerging environmental technologies 17 2.2. Policies for promoting environmental innovation in a changing world 19 2.2.1. The role of government policy for promoting environmental innovation and national competitiveness 19 2.2.2. Assessing policies for the promotion of environmental technologies 19 3\. Research Case: The Solar Energy Sector 20 4\. Research methods 22 4.1. Papers #1 and #2 23 4.2. Papers #3 and #4 25 5\. Summary and Key Findings of the Four Papers 27 5.1. Paper #1: The concept of "lead markets" revisited: Contribution to environmental innovation theory 28 5.2. Paper #2: Dynamics of a Policy- Driven Market: The Co-evolution of Technological Innovation Systems for Solar Photovoltaics in Germany and China 28 5.3. Paper #3: Towards an integrated approach to promoting environmental innovation and national competitiveness 29 5.4. Paper #4: Assessing policy strategies for the promotion of environmental technologies: A review of India's National Solar Mission 31 6\. Key Conclusions and Questions for Future Research 33 6.1. Dynamic inter- dependencies between industrialized and emerging countries in emerging environmental technology fields 33 6.2. Governing environmental innovation in a competitive global economy 34 7\. References 36 8\. Annex: Papers 43 Paper #1: The concept of "lead markets" revisited: Contribution to environmental innovation theory 45 Paper #2: ...

Studies have shown that markets for environmental innovations are highly dependent on government intervention, and, with few exceptions, markets for environmental technologies have been "policy driven". Moreover, there is widespread consensus that no individual policy instrument but rather a "smart policy mix" is needed to effectively drive the development and diffusion of environmental innovation. However, what exactly represents such a smart policy mix remains largely undefined. This paper takes this discussion a step further by developing what is called a "strategic framework" for promoting environmental innovation. Drawing on strategy concepts from the management sciences, this analytical framework provides the basis for systematizing and integrating lessons from existing evolutionary approaches to promoting environmental innovation. While individually none of these approaches provides a sufficient basis for developing a truly comprehensive policy mix, they each help to elaborate a particular element of the proposed strategic framework. Combining them in this way, therefore, represents an important step forward for developing adequate policies for the promotion of environmental innovation. Furthermore, the strategic framework not only provides a more comprehensive but also a more dynamic approach to the design of smart policies for promoting environmental innovation.

This paper compares the respective contributions of the Swedish sustainable development strategy (SDS) and the country's National Environmental Quality Objectives (NEQOs) in establishing what Steurer and Martinuzzi (2005) refer to as "strategic public management", an ideal model of what an effective governance framework for promoting sustainable development might look like. Key elements of strategic public management that are considered are the facilitation of policy learning, horizontal and vertical policy integration and the meaningful engagement of relevant non-governmental stakeholders. The paper identifies the central achievements and challenges of the SDS and the NEQOs in establishing these central elements of strategic public management in practice. In this context, it also addresses how these two governance instruments have faired in tackling some of the past shortcomings of sustainable development strategies in delivering an effective framework for strategic public management, resulting in the "administered strategies" described in Steurer (2008). It argues that the NEQOs' relative success in influencing policy making processes in Sweden is linked to its strong political and institutional foundation as compared to the comparatively weak political mandate and low level of institutionalization of the SDS. Among other things, it relates this to the different political processes leading to the establishment of the two instruments. Despite the achievements of the NEQOs, however, the paper also identifies important challenges for leveraging the NEQOs' strong monitoring system for shaping concrete policy making processes and engaging stakeholders. Based on these insights, the paper concludes with a discussion on the future potential of the NEQOs and the SDS as frameworks for strategic public management in Sweden and draws more general lessons for the establishment of more effective governance frameworks for sustainable development.

AbstractThe global influence of the European Union (EU) has been debated in overlapping strands of literature as 'normative', 'regulatory' and 'market power'. They identify the diffusion of its rules and standards as a vehicle of European power. We argue that European power extends beyond its regulatory capacities and includes new 'catalytic' capacities in the realm of financing and network building. We analyse blended finance as an instrument of 'catalytic power', defined as the mobilisation of partners and their resources to pursue external objectives. The analysis reveals that financial leverage, the original motivation behind the tool's creation, has declined in importance. Instead, blended finance is designed to facilitate and structure cooperation with other European and multilateral financial institutions, positioning the European Commission as a central node in international cooperation and increasing its influence in this sphere. The article closes with a discussion of blended finance as a tool of catalytic power and related trade‐offs.

This article explains the relatively successful performance of the European Union (EU) in climate and energy governance by two factors: (1) multi-level reinforcement and (2) the mobilization of economic interests at different levels of governance through low-carbon industrial policy. The article adds to the literature by further developing existing arguments on multi-level reinforcement in climate and energy policy. We stress the point that economic co-benefits of climate protection have been successfully mobilized at all levels of governance, including the sub-national level, in recent times. This is illustrated by examples from pioneer countries as well as laggards and waverers in terms of national climate and energy policy. While it is far from certain whether the EU will indeed deliver the needed CO2 reductions to reach its internationally agreed targets, this paper, nevertheless, highlights why the EU system of climate governance remains relatively robust in light of the various challenges it currently faces.

In this article we explain the relatively successful performance of the EU in climate and energy governance by essentially two factors: (1) multi-level reinforcement and (2) the mobilization of economic interests at different levels of governance through low-carbon industrial policy. The article adds to the literature by further developing existing arguments on multi-level reinforcement in climate and energy policy and discussing the role of sub- national actors in this context. Multi-level governance is most advanced in the EU compared to other world regions and is actively harnessed for climate policy and the promotion of low-carbon development objectives by the European Commission. It represents a multi- impulse system, which fosters interactive learning from best practice and provides an opportunity structure for innovation and rapid diffusion. Moreover, the authors stress the point that economic co-benefits of climate protection have been successfully mobilized at all levels of governance, including the sub-national level, in recent times. As a result, sub-national levels of governance are beginning to assume an increasingly important role in reinforcing climate and energy governance, initially promoted at the national and EU level. This is illustrated by examples from both pioneer countries and laggards in terms of national climate and energy policy.

The European Commission's strategic long-term vision for 2050, "A Clean Planet for All", identifies the bioeconomy and the circular economy as key strategic areas for achieving a climate-neutral economy. Focus is given to the sustainability of biomass and the circularity of materials. However, in order to facilitate the transition toward a sustainable bio-based circular economy and to unlock its potential, strong accompanying measures are required. These should be designed based on a systematic understanding of transition drivers and barriers. This paper, after providing a systematic review of transition research on the circular bioeconomy, focuses on the identification and classification of transition barriers, clustering them into relevant categories. Moreover, it provides a comparison of the barriers identified by various frameworks. ; BMBF, 031B0781B, Bioökonomie als gesellschaftlicher Wandel, Modul 2 (2): BioTOP - Transformationsorientierte Innovationspolitik in der Bioökonomie - Stand, Potenziale und Strategien, TP TU Berlin ; TU Berlin, Open-Access-Mittel – 2020